Sociology Character Analysis of Sex and the City Term Paper

Sociology Character Analysis of Sex and the City - Term Paper Example She is known for her distinct fashion sense particularly in footwear which is conspicuous in season four where she is invited to be a part of a New York fashion show. She stays in an apartment and works on her PowerBook where she writes newspaper articles discussing the different aspects of a relationship. In subsequent seasons of the show, she comes up with a collection of her essays as a book and commences taking assignments from Vogue which is a New York Magazine. The show portrays her as a home-person, proud of her one-bedroom in a rent-disciplined apartment which is in an Upper East Side brownstone. Though she has always been in long-term relationships with her boyfriends, she is entangled with a character called Mr. Big, played by Chris Noth who deciphers a complicated and multi-faceted on an off relationship. Carrie Bradshaw seems like a sexually liberated woman and a glamorous exemplar of modern femininity. She is a wonderful sex columnist who does not need men for any sort of support or stability in life as she has a strong bond with the rest of the pals she lives with. She has encouraged females across the world to have a bold ownership on their femininity. Although, a raunchy dude-like talk is a part of Carrie's accent which is associated with her male player counterparts, she never fails to witness a soft, feminine side of her personality when her heart was broken. Feminism Feminism may be construed in many ways to many people. It refers to the theory of unjustly inequality to men because of the social meaning of their bodies (Faulconer). As a result, feminism can be referred to as the system of thought or a movement which incorporates a variety of views on the nature of women as they believe in a pluralistic vision of the world which equally regards importance to the experiences of women of all races and classes (Richards, 1992). Carrie is a successful woman, and she considers identity on the top as the development of a sense of self is an important aspect if one needs to concept his values, abilities and hopes for the future (Arnett, 2001, p. 370). Being a media person, she has successfully witnessed the tool kits of possibilities for most of the dimensions such as work, love and idiosyncrasies. She, being an independent person, never preferred anybody else to take hold of her life. This is evident from an episode of Season four of the 'Sex and the Ci ty' series, when the girls meet up for lunch in order to catch up and Carrie reveals that she and Aidan have exchanged keys to each other's apartments. When she comes back home she discovers Aidan cooking in her kitchen which was never used before. Furthermore, her computer was crashed and the access of several files was denied. She was chastised by Aidan for not backing up her material. Though, they go to a computer repairing shop so in order to get her system repaired, the

Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay Behavioural therapies emerged in the 1950s. The main assumption of the behavioural view is that abnormal behaviour is acquired in the same way as normal behaviour, through the principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning. Behavioural therapy is usually targets at specific, well-delineated anxiety disorders such as phobias and compulsions.  One therapy that is used through Classical Conditioning is Systematic Desensitisation. Classical Conditioning is learning that occurs through association. Systematic Desensitisation is used for people with phobias as it de-conditions phobias using relaxation and gradual contact. Individuals might learn that their feared stimulus was not so fearful after all if they could only re-experience the feared stimulus but the anxiety it creates blocks such recovery. This is overcome by introducing the feared stimulus gradually. In this type of behavioural therapy, based on the principle of counter-conditioning, a fearful person imagines a series of progressively more fearsome situations while he or she is deeply relaxed. The responses of relaxation and fear are incompatible, and the fear is eventually dispelled. The use of Systematic Desensitisation was first developed by Wolpe in the 1950s. Systematic Desensitisation enables individuals to overcome their anxieties by learning to relax n the presence of stimuli that once made them unbearably nervous and afraid. Wolpes basic idea was to replace one response (fear) with another (relaxation). This is particularly useful for treating psychological problems in which anxiety is the main difficulty for example phobias, shyness etc. The mode of action of Systematic Desensitisation is that in the early days of Systematic Desensitisation, patients would learn to confront their feared situations. They would gradually overcome their fears by learning to relax in the presence of objects or images that would normally arouse anxiety. Today, this is not the case, the therapists ask the subject to imagine the presence of the feared stimulus rather than actually presenting it. Systematic Desensitisation typically involves steps. First, patients are taught how to relax their muscles. Then the therapist and patient construct a hierarchy, the patient gradually works their way up the hierarchy, visualising each anxiety-evoking event while engaging in the completing relaxation responses. Once one step is mastered they move to the next step, continuing up the hierarchy until they have mastered their feared situation. Research has found that Systematic Desensitisation is successful for a range of anxiety disorders e.g. about 75% of patients with phobias responded to this method of therapy (McGrath et al, 1990). However spontaneous recovery (recovery without treatment) from phobias has been found to be as high as 50-60% (McMorran et al, 2001). This shows that Systematic Desensitisation may contribute little to recovery. Systematic Desensitisation has also been used with OCD patients. The technique of exposure and response prevention has an effectiveness of 60-90% of adults with OCD (Albucher et al, 1998) this is where patients are exposed to the objects or situations that trigger obsessions and are then prohibited from engaging in their usual compulsive response. All behavioural therapies have their roots in learning theory, which has its own roots in experiments with non-human animals. Wolpes (1958) initial research was with cats. He created a phobia by placing them in cages and administering repeated electric shocks. He could then reduce their learned anxiety response by placing food near a cage that was similar to the original. The act of eating apparently diminished the anxiety response; the cats could gradually be placed in cages more and more similar to the original cages without symptoms of anxiety. Human anxiety may not always respond in the same way. Systematic Desensitisation did not cure the phobia of one woman treated for a fear of insects (Wolpe 1973). It turned out that her husband, with whom she had not been getting along with was nicknamed after an insect. Her fear was therefore not the result of conditioning but a means of representing her marital problems. Marital counselling was recommended to her, which succeeded where Systematic Desensitisation had failed.  One therapy that is used through Operant Conditioning is Token Economy. Operant Conditioning is making a conscious association with the consequences of a behaviour e.g. behaviour that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated. The use of Token Economy is a behaviour modification procedure in which patients are given tokens for socially positive behaviour, these being withheld when unwanted behaviours are exhibited. The tokens can then be exchanged for desirable items and activities such as sweets. Although Token Economy programmes were widespread in the 1970s, they became largely restricted to wards being prepared for transfer into the community. A particularly widespread use of Token Economy at the time was for changing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia poor motivation, poor attention and social withdrawal (McMonagle and Sultana, 2001). In educational setting, the Token Economy system is an important part of classroom management, where it is used to build up and maintain appropriate classroom performance and behaviour.

The Virgin and The Gipsy Written by D.H. Lawrence Essays -- Virgin Gip

The Virgin and The Gipsy Written by D.H. Lawrence This novel is very intriguing and teaches lessons of morality, religion, and of life and death intended for those with imagination and insight. The author's style contributes deeply to the intrigue and true meaning to this novel. The author's use of imagery makes tensions in the story vivid and emphatic. In this story there is a re-occurring tension between religion and desire. The tension between religion and desire is most clearly demonstrated between the characters of Yvette and the rector. Yvette was brought up in a world of religious conventions and beliefs, an environment of forgiveness, love, and morality. This world is later realized to truly be a world of repression towards all feelings of passion and desire; not the environment of forgiveness, love, and morality Yvette and the readers are lead to believe. This starts the conflict between religion and desire, and confuses Yvette greatly because her religious upbringing denies and contradicts all her natural instincts of love, passion, and sexuality. The rector and Yvette do not share the same understanding of love. They are both very different in their thoughts and expressions, of what love is. The narrator in the story tells us what the rector thinks of Cynthia, his lost wife. He describes her as 'the pure white snow-flower'; (p.6) and expresses that her husband thought of her 'on inaccessible heights†¦that she was throned in lone splendor aloft their lives, never to be touched'; (p.7) This would have the reader believe that Cynthia is considered in the rector's eyes to be like god not bodily in his life. At another point in the novel the narrator informs the reader that the rector believes Cynthia to be sacred and that she was enshrined in his heart, as if she were a religious idol, never simply expressing any love or desire for his lost wife. It's like the rector has moral religious love for his lost wife, and not passion or desire, like the love Yvette feels for the gypsy. When Yvette matures and realizes that she feels differently than her family, she undergoes a change in her heart, and attitude. Yvette's father picks up on her chan ge and resents her for it because the rector wishes Yvette to be pure and clean like him, or her sister Lucille who turned out the way the rector intended. Therefore not expressing or experiencing true l... ...der that the truth will set you free, and lead you into making the right decisions. The flood is a symbol of re-birth, the flood wiped out the dark, dull stone house, and giving Yvette a second chance at the life she wishes to pursue. The characters are a very important role in the novel and are very diversified. Each character is unique and opinionated which adds contrast and intrigue. Cynthia left her husband for another man, but in her husband's eyes is still considered as pure. The rector is an odd man. Even though his wife left him for another man, he worships her as if she were his god. Perhaps this emphasizes his feelings and beliefs towards her, which are holy and without desire. He does not know the meaning of love, or desire so the reader is lead to believe that his beliefs of holiness, and of purity are his means of recognizing love. This novel was very symbolic and had an extensive vocabulary. It was very intriguing and kept the reader's interest throughout the whole novel. I would recommend this novel to anyone who would like an exercise for his or her mind. There is a lot of insight needed to interpret this novel, but the challenge only adds to the intrigue.

Hirschi Social Control Theory Essay

I agree with Hirchi’s Theory to a certain extent only. This is because I believe it is not applicable to all people and to all situations. Yes, it may be true that when a person, as early as his childhood, conforms to fit into groups and find his place, he will probably be a person who is responsible and law-abiding. While we still have our own self-interests and individuality, we all want to feel we belong and mould our beliefs and involvements to form attachments. Also, as stated by Hirchi’s Theory, conformity is formed by four variables which we develop through our interactions with family and school, the four being: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. For me, attachment and conformity to different social groups in the society does not guarantee a person for him to be less ready in committing a crime. Yes, a human being’s personality is partly formed by the environment where he is in—may be the attachment and conformity with his environment helps in molding a righteous and morally-upright personality. But in humanism, a human being has the absolute control to his life. He has free will and it is up to him how he will react to the stimuli created by his environment. In addition, psychologically, the formation of personality is still debatable whether it is nature or nurture. Nature says that a human being’s personality is genetic and on the other hand, nurture says that personality is molded by his environment. I think that some criminals can still be counseled psychologically targeting areas where in he has not yet matured and where he is still fixated—some of these may be the lack of attachment to social groups.

Evaluation of teaching Essay

In groups students will successfully complete a procedural checklist/guide and then demonstrate the procedure following the checklist meeting the following criteria: Note made of all material needed for the procedure. Procedure for preparing the environment and the patient for the NG tube insertion described and performed satisfactorily. Each step for NG tube insertion outlined and followed, in PRECISE order, and with correct technique. All necessary checks and appropriate precautions required during and at the end of the procedure are made and reasonable justification given for why such precautions were necessary. Detail made of two scenarios that may be presented (e.g. ph above 6) and alternate steps or procedures that should be followed. While the student is demonstrating the procedure the teacher will be observing the demonstration. You have a checklist with the above criteria A-E and you award a mark on a scale of 1 to 5 to say how well the student is meeting each criteria. For example in C does the narrator and the demonstrator follow each step correctly or do they mix the steps up. Do they forget to do something that they are supposed to do like check for any obstructions in the nose and throat? The students are rated for each of the criteria and given a mark out of whatever mark you want to give. This mark does not even have to be written down but you just have it in your head that the persons performed the tasks excellently, good, fairly well or very poorly. You will use both demonstration and the checklist as the basis for your evaluation. If you collected the checklist that the students did then evaluation of this could be done separately. Basically the students should follow the procedure the same way you demonstrated it and based on how well they follow instructions you will know whether or not they understand and can perform the procedure. If you need additionally clarification please send a message to me on the system.

Driving Miss Daisy Essays

Driving Miss Daisy Essays Driving Miss Daisy Paper Driving Miss Daisy Paper Bruce Beresford, takes place In post-World War II Atlanta, Georgia. The mall character of the movie Is Miss Daisy Whereat, a Jewish widow In her seventies. The movie begins with her putting her car into the wrong gear, and going in reverse into her neighbor? yard. Thus, her son, Billie Whereat, believes that no insurance companies would want to insure her after this incident. At his business, Whereat Industries, he runs across a man by the name of Hook Color, who is an older black man with a lot f driving experience. He used to drive for the Dally Center, as well as the popular Judge Stone. After Hook shows his handiness by helping some of Mr.. Whereat? workers get out of an elevator that they were stuck In, Bobble offers Hook the job of driving his mother around. Hook accepts this job, but has no idea what he is getting himself into. When he arrives at Miss house with Mr.. Whereat, Miss maid, Ideal, even says something along the lines of, take that Job even if God came down to Earth himself and asked me For a significant amount of time after Hook becomes Miss river, she Is very rude to him and It Is not a hard task to realize that she Is prejudice. She would get mad at Hook for even speaking with Ideal, or looking at her family pictures on the walls, or even trying to attend to her garden. She felt that he had no business meddling with any of those things, and she would not even let Hook drive for her at first. Miss Daisy actually began to walk to the Piggy Wiggly store instead of accepting a ride from Hook, but Hook drove the car next to her on the sidewalk until she affably gave In and got In the car. She Immediately began to correctly his driving ND tell him he was going In the wrong direction. Even though he was going the speed limit and taking a shorter route to the Piggy Wiggly. In time Miss Daisy realizes how good of a person Hook is, especially when she accuses him of stealing a can of salmon and he admits to eating It the day before, but that he had stopped by the Piggy Wiggly to buy her another can as a replacement. From then on, Miss Daisy and Hook had a wonderful relationship and actually became best friends. Throug hout the movie there are a few major themes that are closely related to the study of southern Jewish history. E of these themes Includes the prosperity of Mr.. Company, Whereat Industries. He became a very wealthy man and obviously has transcended his wealth to his mother, who also lives a rich life. This connects to Southern Jewish history in that Jews were very much inclined to have their own businesses since they had experience in other aspects of the economy, besides the agricultural aspects like most people. Also, during the movie it is simple to pick out that Mr.. Whereat Is not your traditional Jewish man. Despite the fact that his mother attends Temple every week, he does not, and he seems to be very much influenced by his Christian wife, Fluorine. Mr.. Whereat accepts his Jewish background, but embrace it as many Jews of that time did. In this movie he symbolizes the assimilation of Jewish culture within the South. There were two scenes In the movie that felt very much in tune with the discussions, which take place In our class. At one point in the movie, Hook is driving MISS Dally to newer mouse In Modeled, Ladder Ana teen stop on ten side of the road to eat lunch. Before they get back in the car to continue their drive, two policemen come up to Hook in a very suspecting manner and ask him what he is owing. They continue to ask him for his registration and Miss Daisy speaks up and claims that it is her car. Once the policemen receive the registration, they comment on Miss last name and say they have never heard of it before, and they have these arrogant expressions about themselves. When Hook and Miss Daisy are released to continue their drive, one of the policemen says, An old Niger and an old Jewish woman taking off down the road together. That is one ugly sight. A little ways down the road, Miss Daisy and Hook realize they are lost and have to turn around. Hook has to stop at a service station so that he can put gas in the car and so that Miss Daisy can use the bathroom. Afterwards, Hook has to stop on the side of the road to use the bathroom since a man of his color was not allowed to use the bathroom at the service station. While he was using the bathroom in the woods, it was simple to note that Miss Daisy if fearful to be alone after being questioned by those policemen earlier. This scene makes it understood that anti-Semitism was still a factor as well as prejudice towards Blacks. Another part of the movie that served as one of the most powerful scenes was the mobbing of the Temple that Miss Daisy regularly attends. It is a very dark and rainy day as Hook is driving Miss Daisy back from her award ceremony, in which he received the 1966 Business Man of the Year by The Business Council. They get caught in traffic and Hook gets out of the car to figure out what is going on. When he gets back Daisy says that they are going to be late for Temple, but Hook says that being late matter very much because, done gone and bombed the Temple. ?C,-1?0 She becomes very emotional and does not want to believe that this has actually happened. On the drive back to her house, Hook tells a Tory in which the father of one of his childhood friends was hung. Miss Daisy gets angry and is blind in relating the bombing of the Temple to the hanging of a black man. A few scenes later in the movie, Miss Daisy attends one of Martin Luther King speeches, while Hook waits out in the car. It seems as though after the bombing of the Temple Miss Daisy took a liking to Martin Luther King Jar. Because he did not only speak for Blacks, but rather for everyone who was treated unequally and unfairly. These scenes in the movie lay out the framework for the problems in society during that time period. Anti-Semitism is reoccurring here, but the Joining of Blacks and Jews during this time can also be witnessed during the scene including Martin Luther King speech. Driving Miss Daisy was one of those wonderful feel-good movies that always seems to touch your heart. The main message of the movie is that a person of any background whatsoever can get along with another person of a completely different background, as did Miss Daisy and Hook. Throughout the movie Miss Daisy and Hook go through some rough times, but they become best friends. Miss Daisy forgets all about her prejudice, and becomes a much more humble woman. In her forgetting prejudice it is quite easy to see that she seems to be more at peace, happier with herself, and with life in general. This movie depicted Southern Jewish culture, as well as the South in general, in a very good manner and tone. If one were to wonder why ten elves AT Blacks Ana Jews were closely related aurally tans time parlor, Driving MISS Daisy would be a wonderful movie choice. Not only does it layout the framework of Southern society and culture really well, but it will definitely stir up some emotions and make the problems within society feel very close to home.

To Grade Or Not To Grade, That Is The Problem Essays - Free Essays

To Grade Or Not To Grade, That Is The Problem Essays - Free Essays To Grade or Not to Grade, That is the Problem - What?s your GPA (Grade Point Average)? - Have you taken this course before? What did you get? In his essay The Farce Called "Grading", Arthur E. Lean questions the use of asking these kinds of questions. Grades have become part of our lives as students. People need a grading system and "seem to assume it to be necessary and intrinsic to the process of formal education"(Lean 131). He refers to the grade as "a symbol purporting to express a measurement of academic achievement-an evaluation of the quality and quantity of learning"(Lean 132). There are two main arguments Lean has suggested. First, there is an inconsistency from the graders. Second, he sees the grading system as being unfair and even harmful for students? attitudes toward education. He points out that grading system should be eliminated. To backup the fact that many people are challenging the necessity of the grading system, Lean provides two examples: "A sustained effort should be made to throw out false inducements to learning. In one way or another most of these refer to our obsession with grades?. As a system for evaluating attainment of broad educational aims, it remains a failure. Few teachers have any systematic idea of how to grade fairly. Grading is also the chief villain behind the scandal of college cheating," said Louis T. Benezet (Lean 130). "I have long ago reached the conclusion that the marking system itself is damaging in its impact on the education of our children and youth, and that it should go the way of the hickory stick and dunce caps. It should be abandoned at all levels of education," said Ernest O. Melby (Lean 130). I agree with Lean to some extent that there are some inconsistencies from the graders and perhaps some unfairness occurred to many students. On the other hand, I am not sure that the system is totally harmful for students? attitudes toward education. Also, given the fact that the grading system is a very useful instrument for both motivating and measuring students? academic abilities, the system is still essential to be kept. There is an inconsistency between markers for grading term papers or open questions that I agree with Lean. On his example of several teachers marking the same paper, "invariably the assigned grades on the same theme ranged all the way from A (excellent) to E (failure)" (Lean 132). Although many professors might say that point of view would not be graded while they try not to be biasing, there is no guarantee that a professor would not give a lower mark to a paper because s/he may disagree with some parts of the essay. As a former English class student in grade 12, I notice that my teacher tended to be prejudicing on non-native English writers? papers. The reason I said that was because there is a big grade difference if our papers were marked by another who had not met the writers before. A professional marker who was hired by the English department graded one of our term papers every term. Generally, the non-native English writers received significantly higher marks than th! ey do when our class teacher is marking. The average differential marks for non-native English are about ten percent. As for native English writer, the differential marks are not very much. It is true that the grading system can hardly be absolutely fair. Actually, "most teachers try to be fair and accurate in their estimate" (Lean 133). One teacher who grades a work accurately doesn?t suggest that the other teachers would do the same. However Lean claims that "all the time they knowat least, those who are honest with themselves know-that they are attempting the impossible. No self-respecting teacher ever rests peacefully the night after turning in a set of grades, for he knows that the "system" has made a charlatan of him and he goes to bed and hating himself for it" (Lean 133). I don?t agree with the way Lean is questioning the teachers since their role is to act as a "judge" on student?s work. There is a difference between being unfair and conforming with the system. A teacher

Easily Share Your Marketing Calendar With CoSchedules Read-Only View

Easily Share Your Marketing Calendar With s Read-Only View â€Å"Please look, but do not touch.† (the thought racing through your mind every time  you get a request to â€Å"access the calendar†) Your calendar is mission control for your entire  marketing strategy. It’s your baby. And those accidental deletions†¦ Finger flubs†¦ And randomly â€Å"misplaced† content†¦ aren’t simple fixes They’re all-nighter, stomach dropping fiascos. 😠± So, how to do you keep the right people in the know AND still maintain control over your marketing calendar (and what happens to it)? Until today, you had two options: Pay for additional users  who may or may not EVER log in†¦(and live in constant fear that something will get deleted or modified or vanish) OR take hundreds of static screenshots  and manually upload them into an email or presentation(which is ineffective and tedious as hell). Luckily†¦ Starting today, we’ve got a MUCH better solution. Introducing Read-Only View from !  AKA the *new* way to share your calendar (with outsiders) without paying for additional users, taking a bunch of static screenshots, and worrying about unwanted edits! (Plus, every Read-Only View is mobile-friendly and support both phone AND tablet!) With Read-Only View from , you can: Keep higher-ups â€Å"in the know† sans static screenshots (or other weird workarounds). With Read-Only View, you can create custom views of your calendar that are interactive, update in real-time, AND give your team the details they need (nothing more, nothing less). And eliminate unwanted edits to your content! When you share a Read-Only View with someone outside your calendar, they can only look at your contentno edits, finger flubs, accidental deletions, or moving around your carefully planned marketing campaigns allowed.   Whether you need to share important marketing details with a clientyour supervisoror a contributor outside the calendar†¦ Now it’s easy to share the RIGHT details†¦ at the right level. 😉

Reducing the Risk of Ventilator-acquired Pneumonia Research Paper

Reducing the Risk of Ventilator-acquired Pneumonia - Research Paper Example This paper stresses that  ventilated patients have different factors that increase the chances of acquiring the disease. One of the main factors is aspiration of infected oral and gastric secretion. The main method used in the study involves the measure of the current degree of bed head evaluation in the trial that was in the ICU. There was measure of the degree of bed elevation measured on a random selection of patients with the use of a protractor and a plumb line.  According to the study findings there are different factors that were considered in the research. The exclusion criteria include the previous intubation within the last 30 days, severe obese patient who were not in a position to tolerate head elevation to 45 degrees, recent abdominal surgery with vacuum dressing that needed change in the position of the patients to renew the dressing or gain a seal. The variables that were recorded in the study included pressure that was to track the use of inotropic therapy. This e nsures that patients that were nursed at 45 degrees did not need additional support. The other variables that were recorded at the end of the research included the sex of the patients, the diagnosis of the patients whether surgical or medical, the white cell count, the temperature of the patients, ventilation, antibiotics, sedation score and Chronic Health Evaluation. The results of the study were taken after 72 hours after the study endpoint was reached. The research took a total period of 3.5 months.

Politics and Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics and Sport - Essay Example The ideology has the tendency to promote mobility socially, fight for the rights of the society occupants most so the women. At the same time the ideology fights for equality in inclusion between the minority and the majority in the society as they try to promote policies that exploit new ways of doing sports as they emerge (Riordan 2007, p.2). The impacts of the ideology on sports has since died in Europe specifically the USSR with most of its impacts still only being felt in the countries of the far East like China, Cuba and North Korea. Countries most so the ones which did not practice communist sports got interested in the game after the countries like Germany and Soviet Union excelled in the Olympics (Riordan 1978, p.16). Therefore, they wanted to know how such countries were treating sports. The findings were much extensive; the ideology tries to use models of sports that transform the society from handling sports in a traditional manner into a modern manner. Sports is used to promote important life issues like health and hygiene, productivity of the people, defense or even the integration of diverse ethnic communities of a country (Lee and Bairner 2009, p.97). Communism and sports derived a basis from the fact that most of the countries that practiced it had a lot of rural and illiterate population. Communism presents sports as an agent of social change as guided by the state, hence the essence of the leisure classes which used to be held after revolutions or liberations (Senn and Riordan 1992, p.43). Certain theories under communist ideology stressed on the importance of steadiness in the physical as well as the mental states of the human beings. This prompted and encouraged sports a lot as it was considered wise and vital to develop the mental and the physical aspects of the population alongside the other. Most of the communists’ countries posses’ political instability as an issue of controversy coupled with less economic and social

Zara Digital Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zara Digital Strategy - Assignment Example It is of the essence to note that there are various players when it comes to the clothing industry. These firms have also adapted rigorous strategies to ensure that they tap into the market potential and maintain the customers which they gain in the process. In the case of Zara, the first thing which should be embraced is to do with technology. The contemporary world is one which is marred with a lot of digital content. In this connection, the company ought to establish a significant presence on the internet. The website should be optimized for the purpose of ensuring it can be easily found and the information on it can be easily accessed. The company can also partner with search engine companies and include advertisements on the web pages that are searched. This will ensure that a significant number of web users are aware of the company and the activities it engages in. Still in the case of internet presence, the company should have a presence on popular social network sites such as Twitter and Facebook. This is because such sites have a significant number of users who may have an interest on the products which are on offer. The information on these sites relating to the company should be continually updated to reflect the happenings within the company especially with regards to the products. The main idea in the case of the marketing is to get as many people as possible to know about the products which Zara has to offer. At the same time, these people should also be shown that they can acquire the products which are on offer. The target market with regards to the products cuts across all age groups; ranging from the young even to people in their elderly years. Similarly, the prices of the commodities are mid range. This means that a significant number of individuals can own the clothes. The marketing activity is one which can take quite a lot of financial outlay. However, the most important thing is to ensure

Reflective log on communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Reflective log on communication - Essay Example In his writing The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals Think In Action, Basic Books, Schon highlight the significance of building a reflective dialog in all the environments. As cited by a number of authors, reflective practices are very important tool in today’s world especially in communication and interaction. Managers, leaders and team members encounter a number of challenges while dealing with their customers, clients, staff, and competitors. Besides, the environments of operation usually pose another great threat to the success of managers. For instance managers in the insurance industry embattles with reflective challenges in handling the claims of their clients. Internal staff control is another big shoe for managers as they try to bring together unity and profitability within the working environment. For a corporation to remain profitable and competitive, sales volume is a critical tool. However, achieving the company’s sales target entails conducting an d evaluating the potential customer base, satisfaction and customizing individual needs of the potential clients. Reflective practice is therefore an essential tool in achieving the above mentioned goals. Reflective log practice helps in analyzing clients’ needs and demands. ... A number of models have been proposed to explain the concepts of reflective practices. Schon (1974, p.56) Double Loop Learning) identified single loop and double loop as the most common forms of reflective learning. The theory was founded on amendments and recognition of perceived errors or faults. In the single loop reflective learning, in a more error prone period, companies only embarks on depends on their current strategies to tackle the company crisis and challenges. Double loop learning covers for personalized objectives, goals and strategies which are very comprehensive. It entails problem solving techniques, outsourcing the cause of the problem, advancing prevention mechanism, and making recommendations on possible future strategies for the company prospect. Adaptation of the single and double loop learning model by Argyris and Schon Schon introduced the concept of Reflection-in-action and Reflection-on-action in later time. Reflection-in-action can be explain as the ability of a practitioner to ‘think on their feet’, when there are the problem, thinking ahead, making analyzing, base on my experiencing to getting the point of view in it, after all process to making critically responding. Reflection-on-action on the other hand is the idea that after the experience a practitioner analyses their reaction to the situation and explores the reasons around, and the consequences of, their actions. This is usually conducted though a documented reflection of the situation. Adaptation of the reflective model by Schon Learning log table: (Case Study) Communication Breakdown in an Organization Title Sep 2012 conflict with claims department Meeting with my subordinate -The client apply a medical claims when who is out of

The Internal Auditor, Management, and the Forensic Accountant Essay

The Internal Auditor, Management, and the Forensic Accountant - Essay Example These measurements are carried out by continuous auditing mechanisms practiced by Internal Auditors such that timely alerts can be raised against negative trends or non-compliances within the system. Such auditing can continuously evolve quick fixes in the form of corrective actions that can be taken on a fly and also evolve long term effective preventive actions. Moreover, if data integration is carried out effectively by applying effective integrated frameworks like Balanced Score cards and using corporate governance tools like Business Activity Monitoring or Business Performance Monitoring, then continuous monitoring of risks and fraud become a reality. In this paper, we review literature pertaining to roles and responsibilities of Internal Auditors and their responsibilities to consider Fraud in audit of Financial Reports. First Literature: Understanding Internal Audit by Rickard, Peter, pages 30 to 34; Journal published by Australian Accountant, Melbourne in April 1994. This Journal has been included herewith because it presents a comprehensive discussion on role of Internal Auditors and the expectations from them from a legacy perspective and Peter Rickard is an Accountant specialized in Audit and Fraud Control along with being the member of Performance Management International. As per Peter, the management of an organization expects that the Internal Auditor would keep a close watch on the actual implementation of their instructions & policies in the organization and provide feedback on who is not performing in the organization. In addition, he argues that the Internal Auditors are expected to ensure compliance with Government Policies, Legislations and Regulations. He explained the management expectations from an Internal Auditor under three categories - Functional, Personal and Other. Under funct ional, it is argued that an Internal Auditor is expected to serve as the eyes & ears of the management and under personal, it is argued that the internal auditors should be well qualified, trained, certified & possesses high ethics & integrity. Under the category other, it is argued that the audit findings & fraud detection should be timely & proactive such that effective corrective actions can be taken without delay. The author argues that Internal Auditors cannot be made scapegoats for everything going wrong in the organization because they primarily work on audits based on samples which may not be the true representation of the actual problems. As per the Author, the primary tasks of internal auditors are - Audit Planning, Audit Reporting, Measuring Audit Performance, and bridging the gaps by taking corrective & preventive actions. They should not be taken as "negative informers" who always report "bad news". The perspective of this author is to save an Internal Auditor from over expectations of a Management. However, in the modern world the businesses drive what the

Reflective log on communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Reflective log on communication - Essay Example In his writing The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals Think In Action, Basic Books, Schon highlight the significance of building a reflective dialog in all the environments. As cited by a number of authors, reflective practices are very important tool in today’s world especially in communication and interaction. Managers, leaders and team members encounter a number of challenges while dealing with their customers, clients, staff, and competitors. Besides, the environments of operation usually pose another great threat to the success of managers. For instance managers in the insurance industry embattles with reflective challenges in handling the claims of their clients. Internal staff control is another big shoe for managers as they try to bring together unity and profitability within the working environment. For a corporation to remain profitable and competitive, sales volume is a critical tool. However, achieving the company’s sales target entails conducting an d evaluating the potential customer base, satisfaction and customizing individual needs of the potential clients. Reflective practice is therefore an essential tool in achieving the above mentioned goals. Reflective log practice helps in analyzing clients’ needs and demands. ... A number of models have been proposed to explain the concepts of reflective practices. Schon (1974, p.56) Double Loop Learning) identified single loop and double loop as the most common forms of reflective learning. The theory was founded on amendments and recognition of perceived errors or faults. In the single loop reflective learning, in a more error prone period, companies only embarks on depends on their current strategies to tackle the company crisis and challenges. Double loop learning covers for personalized objectives, goals and strategies which are very comprehensive. It entails problem solving techniques, outsourcing the cause of the problem, advancing prevention mechanism, and making recommendations on possible future strategies for the company prospect. Adaptation of the single and double loop learning model by Argyris and Schon Schon introduced the concept of Reflection-in-action and Reflection-on-action in later time. Reflection-in-action can be explain as the ability of a practitioner to ‘think on their feet’, when there are the problem, thinking ahead, making analyzing, base on my experiencing to getting the point of view in it, after all process to making critically responding. Reflection-on-action on the other hand is the idea that after the experience a practitioner analyses their reaction to the situation and explores the reasons around, and the consequences of, their actions. This is usually conducted though a documented reflection of the situation. Adaptation of the reflective model by Schon Learning log table: (Case Study) Communication Breakdown in an Organization Title Sep 2012 conflict with claims department Meeting with my subordinate -The client apply a medical claims when who is out of

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools Research Paper

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools - Research Paper Example The pledge is a promise that Americans make to their country. ‘Allegiance’ means that one is loyal to the country. The flag is the symbol of America. ‘Republic’ means a democratic space where people are guaranteed the rights to take part in electioneering politics and voting processes. ‘One nation’ stands for a unified America. â€Å"Under God† symbolizes the people’s reverence of God as the source of blessing upon America. ‘Indivisible’ means that the states of America should not divide for any reason. ‘Liberty’ means that the people have freedom to pursue their interests without inhibition while ‘justice for all’ means that everyone in America would be treated fairly according to the law and the founding values of the country. Having been created in 1892, The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools. It is a historical reminder of what America is about. The magazine, ‘The Youth’s Companion’ on September 8, 1892 published the words of the Allegiance Pledge. It intended to have students recite it at school during the commemoration of Columbus Day in 1892. On October 12, 1892, an approximated 12 million children in America recited the word of the Pledge of Allegiance, marking the beginning of what would become a school tradition in America (Streufert, para 1). ... Streufert (para 3) further added that only a half of the states currently have laws that encourage the recitation of the pledge by children in classrooms. This shows of how the great significance of the Pledge of Allegiance has waned in the country. The Pledge of Allegiance has been met with several challenges in the recent times because of the addition of the phrase ‘under God’ to it. According to Conton (para 1-2), the phrase ‘under God’ has brought several lawsuits that challenge the pledge as violating equal rights of the multicultural diversity in America. Kevin Conton is the national editor for CNN in Massachusetts. The latest lawsuits that challenge the pledge on grounds of religious discrimination have always failed one after the other. The basis of their failures in courts across the U.S. is because the Pledge of Allegiance does not have a compulsory clause that forces one to recite it if they feel that it violates their equal rights (Conton para 6) . Despite the ongoing legal battles of the constitutionality of the phrase ‘under God’ in the Pledge of Allegiance, Americans should understand one fact that the pledge does not criminalize those who feel violated from reciting it. There are several inevitable values that American citizens should remind themselves of through recitation of the pledge in public schools. It does not mean that everyone in public schools should be forced to recite it. However, American children who feel obliged to reconnect with American values and history through recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance should be given an opportunity to do so because they have the liberty to enjoy that freedom. The differences in opinions of those who support the Pledge of Allegiance and those oppose it could just be a healthy part of

OxyContin Essay Example for Free

OxyContin Essay 1. Article Summary: OxyContin and Prescription Drug Abuse The article â€Å"OxyContin and Prescription Drug Abuse† by Inciardi and Goode provides detailed overview of drug problem in the United States. In particular, the authors discuss OxyContin, its prescriptions, diversification and problems which may appear after its using. The authors argue that the patterns of drug abuse has been changed – drugs are emerging and disappearing from drug scene, and it is more difficult for scientists to analyze which drug may cause the most severe addiction. OxyContin was firstly introduced to American market in the very end of 20th century and it was used in pain management. OxyContin is claimed to be unique as it provides patients with long-term relief from heavy pains, especially it is useful for patients who have been suffering from chronic pains for many years. Nevertheless, in the recent years the attitude towards OxyContin has changed as researchers claim it has negative affect on patients’ health causing addiction and increasing abuse potential. However, medical effects are still appreciated. Oxycodone is an active component of OxyContin and it has been used for centuries in pain management. The authors define oxycodone as â€Å"a semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic most often prescribed for moderate to severe pain, chronic pain syndromes, and terminal cancers†. (Inciardi Goode, p.17) Oxycodone is very effective in management pain if it is supervised by physicians. The uniqueness of OxyContin is that it contains aspirin, whereas others oxycodone medications don’t. In such a way, OxyContin is able to lengthen and increase efficiency of oxycodone. Physicians say that OxyContin is able to ensure pain relief for about 12 hours, although it is argued that it may become alleged abuse. Clinical tests show that OxyContin is effective analgesic in patients with moderate and severe pains. Nevertheless, Food and Drug Administration stress that OxyContin carry high abuse risk as it acts similar to narcotic substances. Thus, use of OxyContin should be carefully managed, in particular in patients with higher risk of substance abuse. Additionally, OxyContin is claimed to carry a boxed warning known as ‘black box’. The authors admit that â€Å"although there are several sources of national data on drug abuse that have been operated for decades, the collection of specific data on OxyContin abuse is quite recent†. (Inciardi Goode, p.19) One of the government-sponsored studies shows that drug abuse is higher among high school students, adolescents and young adults. This report dates 1975, whereas OxyContin studies appeared only in 2002. According officially collected data of 2002, it is revealed that about 3-4% of 8th, 12th and 10th graders have used this medication at least one time during the year. One more interesting fact is that the use of Vicodin was significantly higher than that of OxyContin. Medical examination of deaths during the period of 2000-2001 showed that about 950 deaths were related to oxycodone use. Statistic is shocking and the question appears: how can oxycodone be effective and, at the same time, so fatal. About 49% out of 950 deaths were associated with OxyContin abuse – 146 deaths were ‘OxyContin verified’ and 318 deaths were ‘OxyContin likely’. Medical experts argue that the death â€Å"may be a result of overdose induced by a combination of substances, not just the oxycodone itself†. (Inciardi Goode, p.19) OxyContin abuse was firstly reported in rural Maine, and then in Appalachia and Ohio Village. These regions appeared to be at the highest risks as rural areas are more isolated and have less information about addiction effects of oxycondone. Summing up, the authors argue that OxyContin abuse is still on the rise. 2. Two Articles: Compare and Contrast Similar to the article â€Å"OxyContin and Prescription Drug Abuse† by Inciardi and Goode, the article â€Å"Misuse of Pharmaceuticals Linked to More ER Visits† by Donna Leinwand discusses the problem of substance abuse in the United States. Leinwand adds that the problem is worsening because of over-the-counter drugs: â€Å"Overdoses of prescription and over-the-counter drugs are sending more people than ever to emergency rooms†. (Leinwand, p.12) However, the primary difference in authors’ positions is that Leinwand defends position that the problem with drug abuse is attributed to pharmaceuticals, whereas Inciardi and Goode argue that people prefer overdosing themselves to manage pain. Leinwand stresses that, according official rates, there were more than 613,000 cases of overdosing cocaine and heroine, whereas the number of improper prescriptions is about 598,000. Inciardi and Goode say that OxyContin is very effective in pain management; although they stress that it is at risk to develop addiction. However, they still recommend OxyContin prescription if it is supervised by professional. In contrast, Leinward argues that it is necessary to prevent drug abuse even if it is effective in pain management by re-shaping and re-evaluating approaching to dealing addictions – firstly, by seeking for new medications with no addiction effects. Pharmaceuticals should be very careful with drug prescription as misuse may result in severe addiction. Both Leinwand and Inciardi and Goode consider hydrocodone and oxycodone as the most common drugs associated with overdose as they are narcotic painkillers. They argue that oxycodone abuse is still on the rise – up to 24% increase in overdose over the past years. Medical use of narcotic painkillers has grown and the authors recommend proper management and finding new effective painkillers with lower addiction risk as â€Å"these are beneficial drugs, and we want people to have access, but these are also substances that can be easily abused†. (Leinwand, p.12) Summing up, both articles are professional, well-developed and properly supported studies of the drug abuse problem in the United States. The authors provide theoretical and practical framework by offering official statistics, opinions of medical experts, etc. These articles set the background for further researches in drug abuse field.

Phases of Liquid Crystals

Phases of Liquid Crystals Introduction to Liquid Crystals A liquid crystal is a thermodynamic stable phase characterized by anisotropy of properties Without the existence of a three-dimensional crystal lattice, generally lying in the temperature Range between the solid and isotropic liquid phase, hence the term mesophase. Liquid crystal materials are unique in their properties and uses. As research into this field Continues and as new applications are developed, liquid crystals will play an important role in Modern technology. This tutorial provides an introduction to the science and applications of these materials. The term liquid crystal signifies a state of aggregation that is intermediate between the crystalline solid and the amorphous liquid. As a rule a substance in this state is strongly anisotropic some of its properties and yet exhibits a certain degree of fluidity, which in some case may be comparable to that of an ordinary liquid. The first observations of liquid crystalline or mesomorphic behaviour were made towards the end of the last century by reinitzer and lehmann. What are Liquid Crystals? Liquid crystal materials generally have several common characteristics. Among these are a rodlike molecular structure, rigidness of the long axis, and strong dipole and/or easily polarizable substituents. A dipole is present when we have two equal electric or magnetic charges of opposite sign, separated by a small distance. In the electric case, the dipole moment is given by the product of one charge and the distance of separation. Applies to charge and current distributions as well. In the electric case, a displacement of charge distribution produces a dipole moment, as in a molecule. The distinguishing characteristic of the liquid crystalline state is the tendency of the molecules (mesogens) to point along a common axis, called the director (the molecular direction of preferred orientation in liquid crystalline mesophases). This is in contrast to molecules in the liquid phase, which have no intrinsic order. In the solid state, molecules are highly ordered and have little translational freedom. The characteristic orientational order of the liquid crystal state is between the traditional solid and liquid phases and this is the origin of the term mesogenic state, used synonymously with liquid crystal state. Note the average alignment of the molecules for each phase in the following diagram. A mesogen is rigid rodlike or disclike molecules which are components of liquid crystalline materials. It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a material is in a crystal or liquid crystal state. Crystalline materials demonstrate long range periodic order in three dimensions. By definition, an isotropic (Having properties that are the same regardless of the direction of measurement. In the isotropic state, all directions are indistinguishable from each other)liquid has no orientational order. Substances that arent as ordered as a solid, yet have some degree of alignment are properly called liquid crystals. Liquid Crystal Phases Liquid crystal phases are formed by a wide variety of molecules. They can be divided into two classes, thermo tropic and allotropic. Transitions to thermotropic phases are initiated by changes in temperature, while those to lyotropic phases can also be initiated by changes in concentration. Thermotropic Phases Thermotropic liquid crystals can generally be formed by prolate (calamitic) molecules or oblate (discotic) molecules. Liquid crystal phases formed by calamitic molecules fall into three different categories: nematic, chiral nematic, and smectic. Nematic Liquid Crystal Phase The simplest liquid crystal phase is called the nematic phase (N). It is characterized by a high degree of long range orientational order but no translational order. Molecules in a nematic phase spontaneously order with their (for calamitic molecules) long axes roughly parallel. Schematic diagram of a nematic liquid crystal A uniformly aligned nematic has a preferred direction, often described in terms of a unit vector called the director. More generally a bulk nematic will contain domains. The orientation of the director is constant in each domain but is different in different domains. Viewed under a polarizing microscope the defect regions linking these domains appear as dark threads Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Phase Chiral molecules can also form nematic phases called chiral nematic (or cholesteric) phases (N*). This phase shows nematic ordering but the preferred direction rotates throughout the sample. The axis of this rotation is normal to the director. An example of this is shown in Fig (b). The distance over which the director rotates by 360 is called the chiral pitch and is generally of the order of hundreds of nanometres, the wavelength of visible light. A non-chiral nematic phase can be thought of as a chiral nematic with an infinite pitch. Fig (b). Smectic Liquid Crystal Phases Smectic phases have further degrees of order compared to the nematic phase. In the simplest smectic phase, the smectic-A (SmA) phase, the molecules order into layers, with the layer normal parallel to the director. Within the layers, liquid like structure remains, as shown in Fig. 1.3. Closely related to the SmA phase is the smectic-C (SmC) phase. Here the molecules form a layer structure but the long axes of the molecules, and hence the director, lies at an angle to the layer normal, as shown in Fig. 1.4. There are many other smectic phases which have long range order within the layers Smectic phases can also be formed by chiral molecules, leading to chiral smectic phases. Discotic Liquid Crystal Phases Liquid crystal phases formed by discotic molecules fall into three different categories: discotic nematic, discotic chiral nematic, and columnar. The discotic nematic is similar in structure to the calamitic nematic, although in this case the short axes of the molecules tend to lie parallel. The same holds for the discotic chiral nematic phases. Columnar phases are the discotic equivalent of the smectic phase. Here the molecules form columns. In the simplest case the short axes of the molecules lie parallel to the axis of the column and the columns are randomly distributed in space. More complicated discotic phases exist, where the short molecular axes lie at an angle to the column and translational order exists between the columns, analogous to the more complicated smectic phases. Other Thermotropic Phases Most of the phases exhibited by low molecular mass liquid crystals are described above. Recently however there has been much interest in the so-called `banana phases formed by bent-core molecules Some of these phases are chiral although the molecules forming them are achiral. Some high molecular mass polymers, liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), can also form liquid crystal phases. These fall into two categories depending on where the mesogenic part of the molecule is located. If the mesogenic unit is contained within the main polymer chain then it is termed a main chain liquid crystal polymer (MCLCP). These fall into two categories depending on where the mesogenic part of the molecule is located. If the mesogenic unit is contained within the main polymer chain then it is termed a main chain liquid crystal polymer (MCLCP). Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Phases Lyotropic liquid crystal phases are formed by amphiphilic molecules. These often consist of a polar head group attached to one or more non-polar chains and are often known as surfactants (surface active agents). A schematic is shown in Fig. 1.5. When these are dissolved in an appropriate solvent they self-assemble so the polar (hydrophilic) heads protect the non-polar (hydrophobic) tails. These structures are known as micelles. At low surfactant concentrations these are roughly spherical, as shown in Fig. 1.6. As the surfactant Concentration increases then other phases are formed. These include the hexagonal phase where the amphiphiles form cylinders that pack in a hexagonal array and the lamellar phase where the amphiphiles form a bilayer structure. Structure-Property Relationships in Liquid Crystals Despite this there exists only a poor understanding of how changes in molecular structure affect material properties. For liquid crystals this is complicated by several factors. Firstly, liquid crystal phases are formed by materials from the whole spectrum of chemical classes: organic, organometallic, and biological molecules can all form liquid crystal phases. Secondly, mesogenic molecules are generally quite large. A typical low mass mesogen will have from about 40-100 atoms. For liquid crystalline polymers and dendrimers this can be closer to a few thousand atoms. Liquid crystals tend to be flexible. This inhibits crystallization, preventing the direct transition from an isotropic liquid to a crystalline solid. It also leads to a large degree of conformational freedom, so properties are generally determined by more than just the equilibrium structure. Finally liquid crystal molecules often contain disparate parts (such as alkyl and perfluoroalkyl chains) that can have a large effect on the phase behaviour. Investigation of these factors by experimental or theoretical means should hopefully lead to a better understanding of structure-property relationships in liquid crystals. In principle the relationship between molecular structure and macroscopic properties can be investigated through the synthesis of series of similar mesogenic compounds. This however can be time consuming and may involve many difficult and expensive syntheses. Thus, the ability to determine the properties of a molecular structure before synthesis would be desirable. It is here that simulations can play an important role. Simulations on general molecular models can be used to find features that can lead to a particular property or phase. Atomistic simulations can be used to determine material properties of a particular molecular structure. Chemical Properties of Liquid Crystals Liquid crystals can be classified into two main categories: thermotropic liquid crystals, And lyotropic liquid crystals. These two types of liquid crystals are distinguished by the mechanisms that drive their self-organization, but they are also similar in many ways. Thermotropic transactions occur in most liquid crystals, and they are defined by the fact that the transitions to the liquid crystalline state are induced thermally. That is, one can arrive at the Liquid crystalline state by raising the temperature of a solid and/or lowering the temperature of a Liquid. Thermotropic liquid crystals can be classified into two types: enantiotropic liquid crystals, Which can be changed into the liquid crystal state from either lowering the temperature of a Liquid or raising of the temperature of a solid, and monotropic liquid crystals, which can only be Changed into the liquid crystal state from either an increase in the temperature of a solid or a Decrease in the temperature of a liquid, but not both. In general, thermotropic mesophases occur Because of anisotropic dispersion forces between the molecules and because of packing Interactions. In contrast to thermotropic mesophases, lyotropic liquid crystal transitions occur with the Influence of solvents, not by a change in temperature. Lyotropic mesophases occur as a result of Solvent-induced aggregation of the constituent mesogens into micellar structures. Lyotropic mesogens are typically amphiphilic, meaning that they are composed of both lyophilic (solventattracting) And lyophobic (solvent-repelling) parts. This causes them to form into micellar structures in the presence of a solvent, since the lyophobic ends will stay together as the lyophilic ends extend outward toward the solution. As the concentration of the solution is increased and The solution is cooled, the micelles increase in size and eventually coalesce. This separates the newly formed liquid crystalline state from the solvent. A very large number of chemical compounds are known to exhibit one or several liquid crystalline phases. Despite significant differences in chemical composition, these molecules have some common features in chemical and physical properties. There are two types of thermotropic liquid crystals: discotics and rod-shaped molecules. Discotics are flat disc-like molecules consisting of a core of adjacent aromatic rings. This allows for two dimensional columnar ordering. Rod-shaped molecules have an elongated, anisotropic geometry which allows for preferential alignment along one spatial direction. The rod-like low molar mass (LMM) liquid crystals, such as 5CB shown in the following Diagram: require an extended conformation of the molecule which must be maintained through the rigidityand linearity of its constituents. That is, in order for a molecule to display the characteristics of a liquid crystal, it must be rigid and rod-shaped. This is accomplished by the interconnection of two rigid cyclic units. The interconnecting group should cause the resulting compound to have a linear planar conformation. Linking units containing multiple bonds such as -(CH=N)-, -N=N-, -(CH=CH)n-, -CH=N-N=CH-, etc. are used since they restrict the freedom of rotation. These groups can conjugate with phenylene rings, enhancing the anisotropic polarizability. This increases the molecular length and maintains the rigidity. Applications of Liquid Crystals Liquid crystal technology has had a major effect many areas of science and engineering, as well as device technology. Applications for this special kind of material are still being discovered and continue to provide effective solutions to many different problems. Liquid Crystal Displays The most common application of liquid crystal technology is liquid crystal displays (LCDs.) This Field has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry, and many significant scientific and Engineering discoveries have been made. Liquid Crystal Thermometers As demonstrated earlier, chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystals reflect light with a wavelength equal to the pitch. Because the pitch is dependent upon temperature, the color reflected also is dependent upon temperature. Liquid crystals make it possible to accurately gauge temperature just by looking at the color of the thermometer. By mixing different compounds, a device for practically any temperature range can be built. The mood ring, a popular novelty a few years ago, took advantage of the unique ability of the chiral nematic liquid crystal. More important and practical applications have been developed in such diverse areas as medicine and electronics. Special liquid crystal devices can be attached to the skin to show a map of temperatures. This is useful because often physical problems, such as tumors, have a different temperature than the surrounding tissue. Liquid crystal temperature sensors can also be used to find bad connections on a circuit board by detecting the cha racteristic higher temperature Optical Imaging An application of liquid crystals that is only now being explored is optical imaging and recording. In this technology, a liquid crystal cell is placed between two layers of photo conductor. Light is applied to the photoconductor, which increases the materials conductivity. This causes an electric field to develop in the liquid crystal corresponding to the Intensity of the light. The electric pattern can be transmitted by an electrode, which enables the Image to be recorded. This technology is still being developed and is one of the most promising Areas of liquid crystal research. Other Liquid Crystal Applications Liquid crystals have a multitude of other uses. They are used for nondestructive mechanical Testing of materials under stress. This technique is also used for the visualization of RF (radio frequency) waves in waveguides. They are used in medical applications where, for example, transient pressure transmitted by a walking foot on the ground is measured. Low molar mass (LMM) liquid crystals have applications including erasable optical disks, full color electronic slides for computer-aided drawing (CAD), and light modulators for color electronic imaging. As new properties and types of liquid crystals are investigated and researched, these materials are sure to gain increasing importance in industrial and scientific applications.

Generational Differences: The Use Of the Internet Essay -- Technology

Generational Differences: The Use Of the Internet Everyone is doing it: surfing the net. Every generation nowadays is using the Internet for some reason or another. Kids, sometimes for play; students for school work; and adults in the workforce are using the net for business related topics or to plan their next vacation; seniors are using it to keep in touch with their grandchildren. If you aren’t using the net, then you are obviously not in tune with the Real World. There have been my in depth studies dealing with generational use of the Internet. Who is wired and who is not. The gender gap. Who, how and why a person is using the Internet. Before I get into my own observations, I would like to introduce some observations that certified people in the field have made: Kids: Children start to use the computer and surf the net just as fast as they can walk or talk. At first, they just want to play games, but then they find the amazing tool of surfing the net to find better games, more interesting games and for study. Children are being encouraged to use the Internet by their teachers. Small research projects are being assigned by their teachers to see if their students know how to use the information on the Internet for school related purposes. Chat rooms have also become popular among children. Disney.com has a chat room for youngsters to partake in and talk about their favorite characters, movies, etc. Of course, children do not have the choice of their income - but this is a major concern among the â€Å"digital divide.† One of the most common â€Å"digital divide† findings is of course the use of computers in schools. A nationwide survey was taken and the results follow: teachers suggest that, as of 1998, m... ...y study has been very bizarre. I think everything went as planned, besides the one circumstance with the senior citizen. WORKS CITED Becker, Henry Jay. â€Å"Who’s Wired and Who’s Not: Children’s Access to and Use of Computer Technology. Future of Children. 2000, 10, 2, fall, winter: 44-75 Ervin, Linda A., Kelly S. Gardner, Philip D. Schmitt. â€Å"Gender and the Internet: Women Communicating and Men Searching.† Sex Roles 44. No. 5/6. (March 2001) pp. 363-379. â€Å"The Internet Study: More Detail.† February 2003. 25 Feb 2003. http://www.standford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/press_detail.htm â€Å"Raised On The Net: The Effects of Computerization on the Next Generation.† May 1999 23 February 2003. http://www.units.muohio/psybersite/cyberspace/n-gen/criticism.shtml Saunders, Gertrude. â€Å"Wired Woman.† Woman’s Day. March 4, 2003. p. 65

Movie Review Muallaf

Rohana and Rohani experiences were attributed by their father and their step-mother. There is a main locus of causality attributing to their experiences. The two sisters ran off home as the father was being abusive, mainly towards Rohani where she was bald by him and the father was driven by their step-mother to behave in such abusive way. This whole scene is projected more towards the external attribution on the two sisters where the cause would be the father being abusive on his two children to fulfil his second wife’s inquires.Rohana and Rohani lived together in an old bungalow and survived on one small income which was being earned by Rohani. Rohani took a job in a pub to support herself and her sister, even though it is beyond her religious views. She did this because she had to protect her sister during the day from their father finding Rohana and taking Rohana away from her. And Rohani knew that she will be holding on to that job for only awhile until she reaches the le gal age, where she will be handed over the trust fund that was left by their late mother.Brian’s experiences are mainly attributed by his parents. One day, Brian was secretly reading an inappropriate magazine at a young age and his dad caught his act of doing so. Brian was dragged out of the house and abandoned naked by his dad on a street far away from his home. Brian was extremely infuriated on the embarrassing punishment that his father had carried out. Plus, his mother did not even say a word or helped him when he was dragged out of the house. At this point, the parents were trying to shape a better son and punishing him for his wrong doings.Under the stability concept of making attribution, the whole situation was an unstable cause, the father’s mood changed where he turned angry when he caught his son doing an inappropriate act. Brian held grudge against his parents by not returning home and being rude to his mother whenever she calls him back home or to church. He lives independently and he serves as a teacher in a public school. The two sisters, Rohana and Rohani left home at a young age as well as Brian but they are judged differently based on the cause.Rohana and Rohani viewed that Brian left home due to his personality where he held grudge against his parents by not returning home and being rude to his mother when he was the one to be blamed for reading an inappropriate magazine. The dad punished him so that he could raise a better son. Brian was internally attributed due to his negligence of learning from the mistake and his attitude which he’s not able to respect his parents in a verbally mannered way. Rohani found Brian very rude when he spoke on the phone to his mother eventough the embarrassing situation took place many years back and even when his father has passed away.Brian viewed that the two sisters left home was due to a situational cause when Rohani told him what had happened. Rohana and Rohani’s father was ph ysically abusive towards Rohani. He bald Rohani’s head when she refused to head over to the saloon with her step-mother who wanted Rohani to cut and style Rohani’s hair exactly like hers. The sisters were externally attributed by their father who was siding more towards their step-mother instead of his own children. My reflection of thoughts on the movie changed as it progressed. Rohani was abused by her dad because of her step-mother, which was why she and her sister ran off home.They hid away from him for his cruel behaviour towards them. I was attributing that they hated their father for not showing enough love on them as for the way he had behaved. But later on, my views changed when Rohana was snatched back by her father and Rohani went back looking for her sister when she found that her father had stroke. Rohani then stayed by her father’s side, taking care of him and not even bothering about the past of what he had done to her. Apart from that, Brian is a type of guy who doesn’t believes in god and never tends to step into church for his mass prayers.He was also being rude whenever his mother calls him home or to church. I attributed that he isn’t a person to be proud of himself for not believing in god and I was stereotyping him for not respecting his religious views. But then my views changed as the movie revealed that, he was punished to be naked and abandoned by his father in a street after he was caught reading an inappropriate magazine as a child. He felt that there wasn’t love from his parent for treating him that way; also, his mother did not save him when he was punished. He was traumatizing skeletons in his closet from his childhood days.

11 Compare And Contrast Different Organisational Essay

Organizational structures Organizational structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an organization. It identifies each job, its function and where it reports to within the organization. (Lucy Friend, 2009) There are several organizational structures; however, the type of structure in an organization depends on aim, size of the business, and industry. Carefully chosen structures will improve the communication throughout the organization. Types of Organizational Structures Functional Structure Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks, for instance the engineering department would be staffed only with software engineers. (Sutton, 2012) Matrix Structures Matrix Structure is an organizational structure in which workers have to report to more than one party, as having two or three supervisors at the same time. For example, the workers working at factories have to report to different managers including production managers and marketing managers and sometimes to project managers if a separate project is going on. Divisional Structure The divisional structure groups each organizational function into divisions. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Organizational culture Organizational culture is an idea in the field of Organizational studies and management, which describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs, and values of an organization. It can be defined as the specific collection  of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. This definition continues to explain organizational values also known as â€Å"beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals members of an organization should pursue and ideas about the appropriate kinds or standards of behaviour organizational members should use to achieve these goals. (Cheng, 1995). Types of organizational culture: Power Culture In the organizations, where power culture is used the authorization to make decisions are only given to few employees. Those employees are the ones who enjoy the benefits at the workplace also have to delegate their power to the other employees. In such organizations, employees have no other option but to follow the managers or supervisors instructions. Furthermore, employees cannot give their view and ideas and this leads to de-motivated labours and finally labours turn over in the organization increases. (Mullins, 2005) Role Culture This is a culture where every staff is assign with roles and responsibilities according to the specialized area, qualification, and interest of the employee in order to get the best out of the employee. This helps the organization to improve their productivity, as employees are good at their job. Today role culture is very common in organizations and it is very suitable for large organizations. (Mullins, 2005) Task Culture In Task Culture Organization forms a group in order to achieve the targets or to solve a specific problem. The organization that practices this culture put together four to five employees in a group who are specialized in similar areas also sharing similar interests. The common goal of each member is to contribute as many ideas as possible to complete the task in an effective way. For example, a company can use team culture in a period where the company is losing market share to identify the reasons behind and to improve whatever is wrong. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between organisation’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business The organizational structure and the organizational culture have the relationship to each other and they are the backbone of the organization. The both organization can affect progress of the organization. It can bring the stability and social system in the organization. . In organization having culture and structure strange there will be working environment also provides appropriate standards of working environment. The organization has different policies rules and regulations that how to communicate with the employee. The organization also shows about the responsibilities that who will report to whom mean who will be responsible to whom majority in this kind of organization tasks a good decision foe the company. Culture and structure has also some drawbacks on the business progress. If the organization culture is too much complex then in the organization decision will be very slow and also there will be centralized decision making in which the lower level employee’s will not be entertained. Organizational framework and way of lifestyle can impact progress of organization in the precious and in the adverse way. In the precious way it distinguish the organization to the one, which don’t have a way of lifestyle and framework. It explains the restriction of the firm (Bond et al. 1996). It provides a feeling of certificate among the employees to know each other for the success and success of goals. It can carry balance and team system in the organization. In any organization having way of lifestyle and framework unusual there will be workplace also provides appropriate requirements of workplace. 1.3 Discuss the factors which Influence individual behaviour at work Individual behaviour explain why a person behaves and reacts in response to  different situation therefore in order to get a better understanding about the behaviour, organizations have to be well aware of the main factors which affects individual behaviour at work. (Balmer, Baum, 1993) There are many terms and factors, which influence the behaviour. They are demographic factors, Perception, Abilities and skills, Attitude, and Personality. Demographic factors Demographic factors are a population of the quantifiable statistics. Demographics are also used to identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population, which characterize that population at a specific point in time. It is mostly used in public opinion polling and the marketing. It includes the gender, age, and ethnicity, knowledge of the languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership employment status, and even the location. Perception The perception is the cognitive process that is meant for the interpreting the environmental stimuli in a different ways. A lot of the factors influence the perception of the individual behaviours. The manager plays the important roles in the study of the perception. It is very essential for the managers to make the favourable environment so that employees perceive them in the favourable ways. Abilities and skills Ability and the skills were highly influenced by the individual’s behaviours and the performance. The ability is the capacity of an individual to do something and the skills is defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual can perform well in the organization if his abilities and the skills are bringing together in his job description. Attitude The attitudes can be defined as a tendency to respond the favourably or unfavourably to the certain objects, persons or situations. The formation of attitude is influenced by factors such as family, culture, society, peers  and organizational factors. The organization need to study the variables information that is related to their jobs so they can create the work environment in a favourable way so the employees give their best efforts to perform best in the organization. Attitudes are either positive or negative. The employees can perform best in the organization if they form a positive attitude. (Mullins, 2001) Personality The personality is the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individuals and the inter-reaction between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people situations. The heredity, family, society, culture and the situation are influenced by the personality.

Westin Pune

THE WESTIN  PUNE, INDIA INDUSTRAIL TRANING REPORT ABHIJIT. MANE YCMOU -2nd YEAR INSTITUTE OF ADVANCE MANAGEMENT, GOA INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE TRAINING REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to convey my sincere thanks to all the people who have supported me  in making the project and especially to all my faculty member and Mr. Anuraj. Bhatnagar & Mr. Sanjay. Kumar for accepting me as a trainee. I am also thankful to the staff of THE  WESTIN who have always been a support in completion of the training & also  been very supportive in the entire tenure ABHIJIT MANE. CONTENTS AN  INTRODUCTION  TO PUNEINTRODUCTION TO THE WESTIN * DEPARTMENTAL  STUDY: 1: F & B SERVICE 2: HOUSEKEEPING 3: FRONT OFFICE 4: PRODUCTION * CONCLUSION * REFERENCE About Pune Pune has been known by a plethora of sobriquets. Popular among them: Queen of the Deccan, cultural capital of Maharashtra, pensioner's paradise and Oxford of the East. Pune is one of the historical cities of India with a glorious past, an innovative present and a promising future. The Pune Municipal Corporation administers the city. Its boundaries extend over four hundred square kilometers and it has a population of  close to four million.Thus, Pune city has been developed in to a Pune metropolitan area, just equal in area to that of Greater Mumbai. It is located 192 km (by rail) and 160km (by road) from Mumbai and is 559 meters above the mean sea level. Being surrounded by beautiful hills and the Sinhagad fort, it has a temperate climate. Water, which is plentiful, is supplied to the city from Panshet, Khadakvasla and Varasgaon dams –all located about thirty kilometers from Pune. Pune is among the greenest urban areas in the country with more than 40 per cent of  its area under green cover.PUNE or Punyanagri as it is called has had a glorious past of nearly 1000 years. Punes history is both illustrious and romantic. The cities historical associations are fast woven with Shivaji Maharaj, the Peshwas and Lo kmanya Tilak. It was here, in the Lal Mahal that Shivaji boldly attacked Aurangzeb’s uncle, and Shaista Khanand won back the lost territories. Later it was ruled by the Peshwas. When Bajirao-Ibecame the Peshwa, he made Pune the headquarters of the army and the Shaniwar Wada was built. Bazaars and shopping plazas. Palaces and ritzy hotels.Temples, mosques, churches and even a synagogue to visit. This sprawling metropolis conjures up myriad images -ancient forts, ornate palaces, lush gardens, shopping arcades, educational institutions and rolling hills. The Ganapati festival celebrated yearly, called the Pune Festival, has made its mark on the tourist map of India. Geographical  Profile  of  Pune: The city of Pune lies between 18 degrees 32 minutes north; 73 degrees 51 minutes East. It has an altitude of  559 meters above mean sea level and has a very pleasant climate. The Temperatures range from 15 degrees C to 35degrees C.The best time to visit is October-March. The W inter Period is between Mid Nov to mid Feb characterized by Dry, cold nights, pleasantly warm days. The spring fall sin between Mid-Feb to end-March having Warm days and pleasant nights Tourist Spots Lal Deval (Synagogue) Lal Deval is conspicuously placed on Moledina Road. The red-brick-and-stone structure built-in the English Gothic style, resembles a church. It is Pune's finest synagogue, built by philanthropist David Sassoon in 1867. Bund Garden Bund Garden lies on the right bank of the Mula Mutha River.Constructed by Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy primarily for providing water to the poor during summer, it has become a popular unwinding spot for citizens with an added attraction of boating facilities and has recently added a well-designed  jogging track. Bund Garden is now known as the Mahatma Gandhi Udyan. The Osho International Commune The Osho International Commune is in Koregaon Park, attracting thousands of foreigners wishing to take part in the meditation courses organized by the Ashram. The Commune was founded by Osho Rajneesh who died in 1990. His Samadhi is situated in the Ashram.The commune has beautiful gardens open to the public in the mornings and evenings. Aga Khan Palace True to its name this place boasts of  Italianate arches and spacious lawns, an un likely place for a prison but the Britishers interned Mahatma Gandhi and his wife Kasturba Gandhi here. The architecture of the palace will take you down memory lane, reminding you of the illustrations from fairy. Shindyanchi  Chhatri Amongst the architectural prides of Pune, the memorial to the great warrior Mahadji Shinde, the commander-in-chief of the Maratha army, between the years 1760 to1780 under the mighty Peshwas.The temple adorned with Rajasthani architecture is an imposing edifice situated at Wanowrie. Shaniwar Wada The historic palace of the Peshwa (Prime Ministers) rulers became the seat of political power during Bajirao reign and became so conspicuous that to this date the palace has become the symbol of the city and its culture. Built in 1736, the Shaniwar Wada was once the palace of the great Peshwa rulers. The wada (Fort) was destroyed by a major fire in 1827, the cause of the fire till today remains a mystery. Parvati Hill and TemplesThe ‘Nagarkhana' drum house, the imposing temple of Parvati and Devdeveshwar are the main structures on the hill. The Parvati museum houses portraits of heroes of the Peshwa dynasty, besides old manuscripts, weapons and coins. A group of beautiful temples of Ganapati and Kartikeya make Parvati add to Parvati attractions. According to the records, the main idol was carved out of gold by craftsmen from Karnataka. After this was stolen in 1932, it was replaced by silver idols plated with gold. The 108 steep climb to the 17th century temple located on top; the hill is also the favorite haunt of  fitness fans.Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum is housed in a quaint Rajasthani-style building. It holds a o ne-man collection of the most fascinating Indian artifacts. Thirty-six sections of this museum are used to display a plethora of antiques, carved palace doors, pottery, a priceless collection of lamps and musical instruments of the Mughal and Maratha periods. A master piece is the ‘Mastani Mahal' brought and erected as it was from its original place! Bal Gandharv Mandir The home of Marathi Theatre, both commercial and experimental.Throughout the year there are different cultural happenings like exhibitions, theatre, orchestra – instrumental and vocal. Tilak Smarak Mandir Tilak Smarak Mandir on Tilak Road is a building commemorating the great freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak. On the ground floor is a small museum describingTilak's public life and a theatre on the upper floors. SarasBaug Sitting like a flat oyster towards one end of  the city, the sunken Sarasbaug is a place where hundreds of Puneites throng every evening, for their share of fresh air among green surroundings.Adjoining Sarasbaug, across a small narrow road is another garden. This however, is not merely a park but a zoo as well – Peshwa Park. The Film and Television Institute of India The Film and Television Institute of India is situated on Law College Road. It imparts training in all branches of the film and television industry and is known for having produced some of the finest show-business professionals in the country The Katraj Snake Park The Katraj Snake Park has a collection of  reptiles, birds and turtles. Naturalists would delight in the Park's exhibits and activities. The park has also recently added a zoo.Chaturshrungi Temple: Chaturshrungi Temple is situated on a hillock off Senapati Bapat Road. This temple of the goddess attracts droves of devotees during the nine-day Navaratri festival in October. Sinhagad Fort  One of the great forts of Maharashtra is based  in  Pune. This  is  the  place  where  brave soldiers fought for  the fort. Tanaji, one of  the trusted soldiers of Shivaji Maharaja sacrificed his son's wedding  to win  the fort. He was well supported by his uncle Shelar Mama and his brave  Marathas. The fort  was  named Sinhgad from Kondana, after this brave Maratha who fought till death like a true lion.HISTORY OF PUNE History of Pune Down the centuries, Pune has been ruled by several dynasties. The earliest evidence found (copper plates of 758 A. D. and of 768 A. D. ) reveals that the Rashtrakootas ruled this region then. At that time, Pune was referred to as Punaka Vishaya and Punya Vishaya. Copper plates of 960 A. D. and 963 A. D. refer to it as Punaka Wadi and Punaka Desha. Here Vishaya means region. Later on, the city has been mentioned as Kasabe Pune. The Pune Gazetteer explains the term Pune as Punya – a holy place. In Hindu tradition, a confluence (sangama) of two rivers is sacred.Hence, this city, where there is a confluence of two rivers, is Punyanagari. After th e Rashtrakootas, Pune was ruled by the Yadavadynasty. After the fall of this dynasty, it came under Muslim dominance till the middle of the seventeenth century. With the emergence of Chatrapati Shivaji, who founded the Maratha Empire, Pune became known to the Delhi Sultanate. Shivaji, spent his early childhood in Pune at Lal Mahal, a palace built by his father Shahaji, where Shivaji's mother Jijabai lived for a decade. Dadaji Konddev, Shivaji's mentor, developed Pune city. He constructed temple of Ganesha called Kasba Ganapati.This is the grama devata where invitations for all religious functions are first offered be it for a marriage, upanayana ceremony or any other functions. It was in this Lal Mahal that Shivaji attacked the Moghuls and defeated Shahiste khan, the  uncle of Aurangzeb After the death of Shivaji in 1680 and the cold blooded murder of his son Sambhaji, Aurangzeb named Pune as Muhiyabad. Pune gained importance during the period of the second Peshwa Thorala (senior) Bajirao who ruled from1720 to 1740. During his time, the palace of the Peshwas –Shaniwar wada was built.The various mahals or buildings were constructed by different Peshwas. There are still remains of a fountain with thousand outlets called Hazari Karanje. It was Thorala Bajirao who expanded the Maratha Empire into north and central provinces. Nanasaheb Peshwas acceded Thorala Bajirao Peshwa and ruled the Maratha kingdom from 1740 to 1761. He tried to control the Nizamand maintained peace. He was instrumental in urbanizing Pune city and encouraged the setting up of Peths or wards in Pune. He constructed the famous Parvati Temple complex, a pride of  Pune city.He designed a water supply system from Katraj Lake that lies to the south of Pune city. A number of temples and palaces were constructed during his time. Due to the family fueds that ensued thereafter, the Maratha power came to an end in 1818, when the British led by Mount Stuart Elphinstone defeated them and establi shed the British Raj in this region. During this period, the French, the Portuguese and the British powers established contacts with the Peshwas, sent representatives for various functions. Pune and Delhi were the only centers of power during this century.Pune has been recognised as asset of learning and the Deccan College (1851) led the educational movement in Pune. Tilak, Agarkar, Bhandarkar and other luminaries of the nineteenth century studied in the Deccan College. They studied in the English language, but a literary movement was started by organizing the first Marathi literary conference in 1878. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade,V. K. Chiplunkar and others took lead in this sphere of life. Tilak, Agarkar, Nam Joshi and Principal Apte founded the Deccan Education Society and its Fergusson College in 1885.The New English School (1880), the Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya (1883) and the MES Society's HighSchool (1875) were started. Soon after, a high school for Indian girls was established in1884. A new generation of educated Indians started the freedom movement under the leadership of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He started two newspapers, the Maratha in English (January 1, 1881) and the Kesri in Marathi (January 4, 1881). Through these newspapers, Tilak aroused interest in national education, national language, swadeshi and swarajyai – the four fold aims for independence. Swaraj is my birthright† was the slogan given by Tilak to the rest of India . Gopal Krishna Gokhale is another builder of modern India who established the Servants of  India Society and represented Indian interests in the imperial legislative council. Mahatma Gandhi considered him his guru. Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve is yet another gem of  modern India, who throughout his life fought for the upliftment of women, started a college for them and established the first Indian University for women, named SNDT Women’s University. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1958.Senior Wr angler R. P. Paranjape is another luminary from Pune who sacrificed higher salaries and worked as the principal of  Fergusson College for over twenty years. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule started education for women and struggled hard for the upliftment of the depressed classes. Shrimati Anandibai Joshi was the first lady to complete medical education in the USA. Thus, we find the origin of various movements – social, religious, educational, political, economic and literary-, in Pune city HISTORY OF HOTEL In 1930, hotel owners Severt W.Thurston and Frank Duper, both of  Yakima, Washington  USA, formed a  partnership in order to manage their hotels more efficiently. Together with Peter and Adolph Schmidt they formed Western Hotels, with seventeen properties, all but one in the state of  Washington. Early management developed each property individually. After more than two decades of rapid growth, prompting a name change in 1954 to Western International Hotels, many of its   properties were merged into a single corporate structure in 1958, and the company went public in1963.For its 50th anniversary in 1980, it changed its name again to the current Westin Hotels &Resorts . In 1970 , the chain was acquired by UAL Corporation. In 1987, UAL Chairman Richard Ferris announced a plan to make UAL into Allegis, a travel conglomerate based around United Airlines, Hertz Rent a Car, Hilton  Hotels, and Westin and linked by Apollo. This strategy failed, however, and Westin was sold in 1988 to Aoki Corporation of  Japan. In 1994 Aoki sold it to Starwood Capital, real estate investment firm and parent of  Starwood Lodging, and Goldman Sachs, an investment bank.In 1998 Starwood assumed full ownership of the company. Westin claims to have been the first hotel chain to introduce guest credit cards (in 1946), 24-hour  room service (1969), and personal voice mail in each room (1991). Westin markets certain amenities available in its properties to the public under t he brand name   Heavenly In 2005, Westin became the first hotel company to gain a national retail store presence when  Nordstrom started carrying the   Heavenly Bed Line in more than 60  stores . Westin refreshed its partnership with United Airlines in 2008.United offers pillows and blankets from their Heavenly Bed line on select united premium service routes between New York City and California, as well as Westin decorations and scents  in some Red Carpet Club lounges Starwood Hotels and Resorts were originally formed by the real estate investment firm Starwood Capital to take advantage of a tax break; at the time the company was known as Starwood Lodging. Initially, Starwood Lodging owned a number of hotels throughout North America, all under different brand names. The Westin Hotel Company was purchased in 1994 from Aoki Corporation of Japan.Starwood acquired the Sheraton, Four Points by Sheraton, and The Luxury Collection brands from ITT Sheraton  in 1998. In 1999, St arwood launched their â€Å"W† Hotels brand. In September 2005, Starwood announced the launch of aloft, a new hotel brand based on W. aloft Hotels catered toward  business travelers . Starwood intends to have 500 aloft hotels worldwide by 2012. In 2005, Starwood purchased the Le Meridian brand, which greatly increased the company's operations in Europe. In 2004, Starwood's founder and CEO Barry Sternlicht stepped down as CEO to focus his attention on his other firm, Starwood Capital.He remained on the Board of Directors until 2005. He was succeeded as CEO by Steven J. Heyer, and Starwood began selling a number of its company-owned hotels, instead focusing on becoming a management company and franchiser  Ã‚  for its current and future hotel brands. In April 2007, Steven J. Heyer  left the company on their request of the Board of Directors because of an issue with Heyer's management style and after  allegations of personal misconduct. Chairman of the Board Bruce Duncan served as interim CEO until September 2007, when the company announced Heyer's successor, Frits van PaasscheBRANDS (The  following list of  Starwood brands  is chronological, according  to each brand's entry  into  Starwood) Westin The historic Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel in downtown Detroit . Main Westin Hotels   The Westin Hotels and Resorts Brand is Starwood's largest upscale hotels and resorts brand. It was bought by Starwood in 1994 and is also the oldest brand within Starwood, dating back to1930 Sheraton Sheraton Poznan Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Sheraton is Starwood's ‘flagship' brand, providing luxury hotel and resort accommodation.It  began operating in 1937 and was sold to Starwood in 1998 by ITT. Four Points by Sheraton Points by Sheraton Four Points by Sheraton  was launched by ITT in 1995  as a mid-scale hotel brand. Originally the  brand was created by re-naming existing Sheraton â€Å"Inns† (a smaller, limited service version of  S heraton Hotels). The new name avoided the confusion Some guests found in having two hotel categories (full service and mid-scale) with the same name (Sheraton). These hotels joined Starwood along with Sheraton in 1998   The Luxury Collection The historic Hotel Imperial in Vienna.The Luxury Collection Brand began when ITT Sheraton purchased a controlling interest in CIGA (Campania Italian a Grande Alberghi, or Italian Grand Hotels Company), an Italian hotel chain, in 1994. Those hotels, as well as a number of top-tier Sheraton Hotels, were then marketed as ITT Sheraton Luxury Hotels. After Starwood bought Sheraton, they established a separate  brand identity for The Luxury Collection and expanded it greatly. Both ITT Sheraton and later  Starwood kept CIGA's original logo (the four horses of St. Mark) for The Luxury Collection  brand logo until 2009; each Luxury Collection hotel now uses its own logo.Many hotels in The Luxury Collection are smaller establishments in converted palaces or other  significant buildings; others are  lavishly restored historic hotels. Confusingly, eight hotels in The Luxury Collection Which were originally part of the ITT Sheraton Luxury group kept their   Sheraton Name, although the Luxury division is now a completely separate brand under Starwood . The following hotels operate  using their old Sheraton names, but within The Luxury Collection: Sheraton Sofia Hotel Balkan – Sofia, Bulgaria Sheraton Algarve Hotel – Albufeira, Portugal Sheraton Park Tower Hotel – London, UK Sheraton Ankara Hotel – Ankara, TurkeySheraton Addis – Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Sheraton Kuwait Hotel &and Towers – Kuwait Sheraton Grande Sukhumi – Bangkok, Thailand Sheraton Grande Laguna – Phuket, Thailand W Hotels The W Hotel in Washington, D. C. is located in the former Hotel Washington, built in 1918 to the designs of architectural firm Carrere and Hastings. The building is listed on the Natio nal Register of Historic Places. W Hotels is Starwood's luxury boutique hotel brand, launched in 1998. The hotel brand, which generally markets towards a younger crowd, was launched in 1998 with its first property, W  New York, at 541 Lexington Avenue in Manhattan.The brand has expanded internationally with  properties opening first in Mexico City, Seoul, and Istanbul. The brand's first resort property is W Maldives Retreat & Spa. The W Barcelona hotel was W's first in Western Europe and opened in October 2009. It features futuristic design by architect Ricardo Bo fills in the shape of a sail. Standing 26 stories tall, it can  be seen from all over the city. The property is located next to the beach and boasts private access to it. It also includes a Bliss spa, gym and conference facilities.A new W Hotel was opened in early 2010 in Hollywood, CA with a Vegas-style nightclub called Drays designed by Victor Dari, followed by the opening of their fourth hotel in New York City's D owntown District in August. The W plans to double its number of properties by 2011 with hotels planned in Austin, Texas (2010); Taipei, Taiwan (2010); Marrakech, Morocco (2011); Guangzhou, China (2011); Bangkok, Thailand (2011); Paris, France (2011); Athens, Greece (2011); St. Petersburg, Russia (2011); and London (2011) where the Hotel is located in Leicester  Square and opened on February 14th 2011.Retreat & spa properties are planned in Bali, Indonesia (2010) and Koh Samui, Thailand (2010). Future hotel properties in Singapore (2012), Milan, Italy (2012); Amman, Jordan (2012); Abu Dhabi, UAE (2012); Santa Fe, Mexico (2013); and Cairo, Egypt (2016) have been planned as well as a retreat & spa property in Riviera Maya, Mexico (2014). Starwood is planning the W Hotel's first ski retreat in Verbier, Switzerland (2012), bringing the total number of W Hotels to 55. St. Regis The St. Regis New York. Is Starwood's main luxury brand, launched in 1999 . It is named for the flagship St.Re gis Hotel in New York, which was built in 1904 in Manhattan at 5th Avenue and 55th Street  by John Jacob Astor IV, who also founded the Astoria Hotel (which later became the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel) and who died in 1912 on the RMS Titanic. In the 1930s, head bartender  Fern and Petit, introduced the Bloody Mary  cocktail. The St. Regis was a Sheraton from the 1960s on, and following a lavish restoration in 1988 was part of the ITT Sheraton Luxury division before it  became the cornerstone of Starwood's new brand. All St. Regis properties except The Lanes borough in London use The St. Regis name. Le MeridienLe Meridien: Le Meridien was founded by Air France in 1972 and was sold to Starwood in 2005, by which  point it was based in the UK. It has 130 properties worldwide and its first property was LeMeridien Etoile in France. Aloft Aloft Hotels: Aloft is a mid-scale, urban-style business / boutique hotel brand. The brand was launched in2005 as a ‘vision of W Hotels', a re lationship similar to Four Points by Sheraton and its ‘brand  parent', Sheraton. It has been criticized for being too slick and formulaic. Element by Westin: Announced in 2006, this is Starwood's first brand of hotels intended to be environmentally friendly.The designs include energy and water efficient features. The first Element hotel opened in Lexington, Massachusetts in July 2008. As of April 2010, there are seven Element hotels in operation in Denver (Park Meadows), Las Vegas (Summerlin), Houston (Vintage Park), Dallas (DFW Airport), Ewing NJ, Lexington, and Arundel Mills (BWI Airport). Two Element hotels are scheduled to open within the next year, in New York City and Omaha, Nebraska. Element hotels are built eco-friendly from the ground up, from the floors made of recycled materials to energy-efficient lighting and  plumbing fixture Starwood Preferred Guest PartnershipsIt has credit card partnerships with American Express (MBNA Canada Bank  partnership replaced by American Express in 2010). Starwood Preferred Guest also has a partnership with 32affiliatedairlinesallowing guests to redeem their points for flights under the â€Å"SPG Flights†Ã‚  program. According to Starwood Hotels and Resorts' corporate profile, the SPG program Have over 41 million members. Star Points Star Points can be used by Starwood Preferred Guest Members (SPG) to redeem Free nights at Starwood's hotel properties. In addition, they can be used for merchandise with their partners such as GAP, Westin at Home, Nordstrom and more.Member Tiers/Levels There are 3 main levels of Starwood Preferred Guest. First, there is the basic level, preferred. Next, there is gold level. Lastly, there is Platinum Level. Each  level has better perks. They can  be found on the SPG Website In addition to obtaining these statuses through hotel nights, all Starwood Vacation Ownership owners are automatically enrolled into the Gold Starwood Preferred Guest Program. Some owners of seve ral weeks (5* Elite Owners) are enrolled into the Platinum Starwood Preferred Guest program ROOMS The Westin Pune Koregaon Park offers 277 guestrooms. Balconies open to city or river views .Guestrooms are individually furnished and decorated. Pillow top beds feature signature bedding, triple sheeting, and down comforters. Rooms are furnished with desks and ergonomic chairs. 40-inch LCD televisions come with premium satellite channels, free movie channels, and first-run movies. Wired and wireless high-speed Internet access is available for a surcharge; multi-line  phones, complimentary newspapers, and in-room safes (accommodate laptops) are also provided. Coffee/tea makers are provided. Bathrooms include  separate bathtubs and showers with handheld showerheads, bathrobes, slippers, and makeup/shaving mirrors.Washers/dryers, separate sitting areas, and mini bars are also included. A nightly turndown service and housekeeping are  provided. Amenities available on request include h ypo-allergenic bedding. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are also available. Rooms are accessible via exterior corridors. DINING The Westin Pune Koregaon Park  has 6 restaurants serving breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests are offered complimentary hot and cold buffet breakfast. 24-hour room service is available. Dining The Westin Pune  Koregaon Park with its six restaurants and bars is the destination to refuel, replenish and refresh.Three unique eateries, one specialty food store and cafe, a lobby lounge, and a bar provide a  wide range of culinary delights  as well as myriad moments to savor. Our all-day dining restaurant, Seasonal Tastes offers a contemporary buffet and a la carte menu for a unique combination of Asian and international cuisine. Dramatic buffet displays and interactive stations present an exciting dining experience. People; Passion; Pleasure! Prego is a modern Italian restaurant serving authentic regional home-style dishes. Hearty signature dishes a nd an open pizza oven make for a lively and aromatic meal.The refined Kangan features delightfully authentic Indian food from the North-West Frontier. A tandoor show kitchen is the restaurant's central feature, allowing you to look on as culinary artists expertly assemble your meal before your eyes. Make Daily Treats your everyday, one-stop shopping destination for delectable gourmet delicatessen items. Take them with you or relax in the cozy deli while you recharge with a hot coffee or specialty beverage. [email  protected], overlooking the Mula Mutha River, offers a stylish setting in which to relax with friends over handcrafted martinis, alluring wines, specialty coffees and teas, and snacks.SPA The Westin Pune Koregaon Park has a full-service spa featuring massage/treatment rooms, facials, body treatments, and beauty services. Body treatments Facial treatments Features; Activities Renew your total health and wellness at The Westin Pune Koregaon Park. Our beautiful outdoor  i nfinity pool creates an exciting visual impact, not to mention a refreshing place for exercise or  utter relaxation, while our state-of-the-art fitness and health facilities in the  Westin WORKOUT ®Gym offer an experience of well-being and serenity for all our guests.Our Heavenly Spa by Westin? helps the body shed fatigue and stress to encourage balance, repose, and wellness. Clear your mind. Free  your senses. The hotel presents a multilingual staff committed to offering a unique blend of personal and instinctive service. Our Business Centre provides services 24 hours a day to ease executives’ worries and help complete tasks efficiently and successfully. Elemental amenities and personal touches such as parking and a gift shop help make your stay convenient and comfortable. We welcome families, and will pay special attention to your needs.The Westin Kids Club ® is a  program that provides for children's safety and security as well as providing conveniences designe d to make your overnight and dining experiences more enjoyable for both parents and children Hotel Features Concierge Desk Our concierge is here to make your stay as enjoyable as possible. If you have questions or need local area information, tourist information, dining suggestions, tickets or reservations, simplyask? our multilingual staff stands ready to assist. Westin Executive Club LoungeClub floor guests enjoy exclusive access to the upscale Executive Club Lounge, offering all-day tea and coffee service, continental breakfast, evening cocktails and snacks. Subject to availability, a private meeting room is an  ideal gathering spot. Outdoor Pool   A refreshing view of the Mula Mutha River from our expansive infinity pool with cascading waterfall makes this a sublime setting for relaxing in the sun. Accessible to all resident and Westin Club guests. Food and beverage service offered. Poona Club Golf Course This 18-hole course, located in the city centre just 10 minutes away f rom the hotel, is managed  by the Poona Club.This beautiful course has no green fee for hotel guests. Transportation from the hotel is available for a  nominal charge. Westin WORKOUT ® Gym Our gym is operational around the clock with the latest equipment from Star Trac ®. Free weights, lat pull down, dumbbells, treadmills, and other weight and cardio equipment make this an ideal place to raise your heart rate and enjoy the process. Westin Kids Club ® A value to both children and parents, Westin Kids Club ® is a unique program that takes care of your children while you are busy, while also providing a fun learning opportunity and enhancing their talents. Business CentreOur full service Business Centre is designed to accommodate the busy lifestyles and minute-by-minute demands on our guests. Heavenly Spa by  Westin Experience a unique urban sanctuary where East meets west. We will provide you the best spa experience possible through quality products and services. Indulge yourself with our innovative and luxurious treatments for absolute peace and  repose. Unwind(SM) Transition from day to night, and renew your state of mind. Here in Pune, you'll enjoy a variety of evening unwind(SM) activities to relax and recharge, from Indian folk dancing to footer flex logy to a lesson in the art  of Henna application.BUSINESS CENTRE Designed to meet the needs of today’s business traveler, Westin hotels and resorts provide services and amenities that take productivity to  new levels. Experience ease and comfort throughout your stay with services like wireless internet that can be accessed from guest rooms and the lobby, and high-speed internet access throughout the hotel. Our Business Center offers many of the services required by today’s business traveler, including faxing and printing capabilities. Westin Clutter-Free Meetings helps planners and guests stay organized and productive with an open room design and layout and socially conscious amenities.Streamlined stations provide  paper, pens, glasses, water and other thoughtful touches, keeping the main work area uncluttered and organized. ?Green? features such as energy-efficient light bulbs, double-sided meeting pads and water pitchers in lieu of bottled water help eliminate waste and reduce consumption. *Before and after your meetings, you can sharpen your mind and rid your body of stress with thoughtful amenities such as in-room gyms, menus rich in SuperFoodsRx ® and luxurious spa services. And once your work is done, reward yourself with a game of golf, a relaxing massage or a glass of wine during Unwind  « A  Westin EveningRitual(SM). You’ve earned it. SUPER-FOODS Eat, drink and be healthy. One of the ways that Westin has made it easy for guests to maintain a healthy lifestyle is with the introduction of our extensive SuperFoodsRx(TM)* menu. We are the first hotel to offer signature SuperFoodsRx menu with more than 10 delicious options from steel-c ut oatmeal and  blueberry smoothies to smoked turkey tacos and broccoli and cheddar omelets. These nutrient-rich dishes are available on our in-room dining menu in addition to being offered a la carte and in the breakfast buffet  downstairs .We have teamed with doctors and nutritionists to create a menu that cultivates ? food synergy,? or  the pairing of certain foods to increase their nutritional value. We pass this knowledge on to you on our menus and buffet fact sheets, which detail all the nutritional benefits of each food and how they work in combination with each other. It’s just one of the many ways Westin is committed to your wellness, from the inside out. Meetings ; Weddings Our 1,470 square meters of meeting space with eight meeting or function rooms will transform your meeting or event into  something truly remarkable.The Westin Pune Koregaon Park's unique blend of personal and instinctive service, custom-designed menus, and the latest meetings technology w ill provide everything you need for memorable event. Eight flexible meeting or function rooms? including 1,050 square meters of  refined special-event space? guarantees an energized and inspired meeting, conference, wedding or gala social function. All rooms feature the latest in audiovisual technology as well as wireless and High Speed Internet  Access. A dedicated meeting and banquet floor houses our Business Centre as well as offering wireless High Speed Internet Access throughout.With state-of-the-art videoconferencing features and services available in every meeting venue, all events can be tailored to your specific needs. Our  wedding specialist is available to help as you begin crafting your perfect day, and our  experienced and professional Catering Sales Manager will ensure that each event meets your  wishes and is a success Distance from commercial areas | | Airport| 06km| Deccan Gymkhana| 15km| Pune Railway Station| 06km| Shivajinagar| 19km| M. G Road| 09km| Kor egaon Park| 1km| Pune University| 20km| HinjewadiPimpri/Chinchwadi| 9km25km| DESIGNATION Position| Name| General Manager| Mr.Anurag Bhatnagar| F&B Manager| Mr. Chandan Thakur| Banquet Manager| Mr. Murari Prasad| Restaurant Manager| Mr. J. K. Pilli| Front Office Manager| Mrs. Sonali Zagade| G. R. E| Mrs. Noorjanha Khan| Executive Chef| Mr. Santosh Zori| Executive HousekeeperSales Marketing ManagerH. R ManagerTraining Manager| Mr. ZulfikarMrs. Megha MathurMr. Jagdeep ShettyMr. Sanjay Kumar| FOOD & BEVERAGE SERVICES: INTRODUCTION Hotels have two branches of hospitality  ± the accommodation operations – service & the other one is food & beverage department . Various subdivision  of F  &  B  service department is: RestaurantsRoom service Banquet Bar Pastry shop Coffee shop Cafeteria RESTAURANT- Restaurant is a commercial establishment committed to the sale of food & beverage. A restaurant may be a licensed part of a hotel operations, where by the sale of restaurant contr ibute to the sales performance of the hotel as a whole. Restaurant may be I independent business entities under individual ownership &management.. Basically restaurants provide table & chairs for people to sit & eat food prepared by an attached kitchen. ROOM SERVICE The room service department is responsible for service of food & beverage in guest room.It is a 24hrs facility provided to the guests of the hotel. The  different types  of  restaurants in  THE WESTIN are Daily Treats With freshly-baked breads, pastries and cakes and a delectable sandwich bar plus an enviable collection of cookbooks, innovative lifestyle products, and eclectic food and beverage events, Daily Treats is an everyday stop on your schedule. Cuisine: Deli Dress Code: Casual Hours: 8:00 AM – 10:00 PM Atmosphere: Coffee & Conversations Setting: Casual K  angan Our  stylish  Indian  restaurant serving delectable North-West frontier  and  Hyderabad  cuisine.An open tan door kitchen add s a dramatic element to the venue. Authentic flavors are given contemporary presentation in this unique family-style eatery. Cuisine: Indian Dress Code: Casual Sophistication Hours: 6:30 PM – 12:00 AM Atmosphere: Elegant Setting: Indoor [email  protected] This modern, cozy and stylish lounge allows guests meet and mix with a scenic view of the river. [email  protected] boasts the best selection of wines, vodkas and whiskies around. Up-front and  personable, the bartenders are here to  serve and entertain. Cuisine: International Dress Code: Casual Hours: 5:00 PM – 1:00 AM Atmosphere: Warm and CasualSetting: Indoor Prego: People, passion, pleasure: this enjoyable eatery offers a lively atmosphere for tasty pizzas, regional pastas, and hearty and creative Italian food trends. The perfect setting to enjoy an authentic Italian meal with a healthy dash  of fun! Cuisine: Italian Dress Code: Casual Hours: Tuesday – Sunday 12:30 PM – 3:30 PM, 6:30 PM â⠂¬â€œ 12:00 AM; Atmosphere: Casual Setting: Informal Seasonal Tastes An interactive dining destination serving a contemporary buffet of Asian and international cuisines highlighting the fresh and in season, Seasonal Tastes is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner.We also offer of an  irresistible a la carte  menu. Cuisine: International Dress Code: Casual Hours: 24 Hours Atmosphere: Casual Q-bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Chill out and relax in this hip and intimate Latin American club. Featuring signature  cocktails and an extensive collection of premium vodkas, whiskeys and wines, plus intriguing small-plate tapas. DJs and live music add to  the festive atmosphere. Dress Code: Closed-Toe Shoes Required Parking: Valet Parking available at the Main Porch and Banquet Lobby Atmosphere: Vibrant Setting: Hip & Classy FRONT-OFFICE INTRODUCTIONThe front office may be regarded as the show window of the hotel and hence must be well designed in the first place and maintained in a well organized and orderly manner. Regardless of how the hotel is organized the front office is always an essential focal point . Front office is the name Given to all offices situated in the front of the house, that is, the lobby, such offices where the guest is received, provided information, his luggage is handled, his accounts are settled at departure, and his problems, complaints and suggestion are looked after.The front desk is the link between the guest and the co-ordination of all guest services. It serves as a main channel of both way communication i. e. from hotel to guest and guest to the hotel . hotel terminology includes terms such as front of the house and bake-of-the house this front of the-house term includes those portion of the hotel with which the guest comes in direct  contact during his period  of occupation , such  as building exterior, lobby front desk ,gust room , function rooms , etc. the back of-the-house areas are those with which the guest generally do not come in con tact such as the pay roll ,accounting epartment , food preparation  centre , repairs and maintenance and  laundry ,  etc . The front office is the main controlling centre of all guest services, and also co-ordinate  as  the back  office functions  with  these  services Reservation The reservation section is very important section of front office as this section deals with the important of booking rooms for the free individual traveler guest as well as group. Reception or reservation: The reception department is one of the most important of the front office as this of the sections remains indirect contact with guest right from the time their arrival till their time of departure.Cash: The cash section maintains the various accounts of the guests during their stay at the hotel. It also insures that the various account of the guest accurate and complete regularly by process of night. Bell desk: Bell desk staff with who the guest are in contact the moment entire lobby o f the hotel. The bell boy helps the guest in transporting their luggage to their respective rooms. Telephone Exchange: This department performs the important job of directing the various incoming as well as outgoing telephone calls of the hotel.They also compile the bill of the guest incurring various STDs and ISDs call charge and provide wake-up calls to the guest. Information: The information section plays an important role in providing valuable information to guests regarding the hotel, city and the country at large. Booking reservation: All front office and reservations personnel will alt facilities, packages, special sand corporate programmer to effectively sell accommodations and properly record reservations. * Reservations will be accepted by front office or reservations staff 24 hrs per day.All personnel are to be comfortable using suggestive selling techniques. * The information must be neat, accurate and complete. * Dates requested must be available. * A complete reservati on includes: * First name, middle initial, last name * Complete address * Telephone number * Arrival date * Arrival time * Departure date * Number of persons GROUP BOOKING: * The front offices will co- ordinate the booking of group rooms with the hotel sales. * Group room blocks will be recorded on charts to maintain room inventory. Accurate and complete group information will provide by the hotel sales to the front office on the monthly group booking chart. * Group booking confirmation & all group correspondence will be kept on file by arrival date. * Provision will be made to ensure that all details of the booking agreement are carried out as arranged. Preconvention and all group correspondence will be kept on file by arrival date. * The reservation manager will review rooms blocks vs. pick ? ups daily within the reservation system to maintain room s inventory. Business lost due to all space being held by groups should be reported to the hotel Sales immediately. * All Reservations and front office personne4 will be providing complete information regarding booking TELEPHONES The telephone operator handles both in-house & outside calls & transfers them wherever needed. She is completely in-charged & responsible. Her shift timing is from 10. 00am to 7. 00 pm. In her absence she forwards the calls to the reception& the receptionists on duty look after the calls. Instruments Used 1. EPBX (electronic private branch of exchange) 2. Computer . Printer 4. Xerox machine 5. Fax machine Registers maintained: 1. STD/ISD call register 2. Wake up call register Concierge (Bell desk) Functions 1. Postage 2. Message 3. Check in (carry luggage) 4. Check out (carry luggage) 5. Provide newspaper 6. Provide stretcher, wheel chair if required 7. Assisting guests 8. Purchasing items required by the guests from outside Note; Newspaper is complimentary; If guest requires some medicines from outside then they charged. HOUSEKEEPING: INTRODUCTION Housekeeping is the most important depar tment in a hotel, as people want to stay in a clean hotel.It is the biggest physical area in many hotels. Housekeeping is responsible for maintenance of a clean, pleasant and orderly environment the housekeeping department is the nerve center of  the  hotel. It  is  responsible  for  cleanliness,  maintenance  and  aesthetic  upkeep  of  the  hotel  . It  takes  a  well  organized  approach  and  technicalunderstanding to enable housekeeping to cope with the volume of  work. Housekeeping standards have a  direct bearing on  forming aneverlasting  impression  and  impact  in  the  mind  of  the  guest. A  cleanhotel is the foremost requirement of every visitor putting up the  hotel. tandard  cleanliness  is  the  basic  responsibility  of  thehousekeeping  department  repeat  clientele  and  generation  of  maximumrevenue  depends  upon  the  efficient  and  smooth  running   of  thehousekeeping operation. To have such efficiency, there should be a proper network, so that maximum service can be provided to the guest and for this, each one should put in ones best efforts. STAFFING * One floor supervisor, one public area supervisor, one line room supervisor, mini-bar supervisor & one desk attendant reports in the morning. * 18 Room boys & 12 public area boys come in the morning shift. Executive House Keeper comes for the general shift. The desk attendant supervisor or any other supervisor is supposed to take note of  the expected arrivals, expected departure, V. I. P. arrivals for the hotel promotions, group check-ins / check-outs, guest comments & feedback, special in-house guest, special requests if any, complaints, & any relevant inter office correspondence &mentions the same on the white board displayed The desk attendant supervisor or any other supervisor is supposed to take note of  the expected arrivals, expected departure, V. I. P. rrival s for the hotel promotions, group check-ins / check-outs, guest comments & feedback, special in-house guest, special requests if any, complaints, & any relevant inter office correspondence &mentions the same on the white board displayed. MINI BAR * Objective Effective & quick system of refilling room upon consumption/check-outs & controlled replenishments. * Location – 2nd floor * No. of mini bars -277 * Staff strength – 03 MINI BAR SETUP 1. Kenly  packaged  drinking  water  (  1  lt. )  05 2. Cola  (300ml)  02 3. Lemon  (Sprite-300ml)  02 4. Orange  (Fanta-300ml)  02 5. Pint  Beer  (Foster-330ml)  02 . Salted  Wafers  (40g-basket)  01 7. Roasted  Almond  (30g)  01 8. Kitchen  chocolate  01 9. Snickers  chocolate  02 10. Creamers 04 11. Absolute  vodka (90ml)  02 12. Black  dog  Whisky  (90ml)  02 The supervisor in charge of mini bar looks after this section in the housekeeping department with the assistan ce of another room boy. The consumption is checked in the morning & note. This is charged daily to the guest through the reception. Then depending on the consumption the mini bar is refilled . A mini consumption register is maintained which contains the consumption of  every room day wise along with the bill numbers.The closing stock of the mini bar is also mentioned daily Cleaning Equipment * Vacuum cleaner * Mopping trolley * Mechanical Brush for porch cleaning Cleaning Agents 1. R3  Bathroom  cleaner 2. R6 W. C. 3. R4  Room  Freshener 4. R2  All  Purpose 5. R5  Wooden  Surface 6. R6  All  Purposes 7. Helios  Bathroom  Fixtures 8. Spotter  Carpet  spotting 9. Lemon  zee  Hard  stain 10. Behold  Wooden  Furniture UNIFORM ROOM: The hotel has a separate uniform room for the staff, situated at the basement level. Each staff is issued with three pairs of uniforms. Each staff has a number which is monogrammed on the uniform for easier identificati on.Manager supervisors have their names written Laundry: THE WESTIN does not have its own in-house Laundry. Linen, uniforms &guests laundry are given on contract basis outside the premises. There are separate contractors for guest’s laundry & linen & a separate contractor for staff uniforms. The laundry taken is written own and a returnable gate pass is made. On bringing the laundry this pass is show & the items are counted . The discrepancy is taken note of. Guest laundry is given in a laundry bag with the particular room number written on it.They are received in a similar way too. Thereafter the room boys return the laundry to the guests;after  they  are  charged,  while  servicing  the  :  In  seasons  hotel  have  off  premises  laundry  which  is  given  on  contract  basis  the  laundering  of  both  guest  and  hotel  linen  is  done  on  contract by  an  external  laundry  . Allthe  linen  isà ‚  collected  in  the  linen  room  from  where  it  is  dispersed  to  thelaundry  for  washing  the  guest  and  hotel  linen  is  done  on  contract  by  anexternal  laundry. All  the linen is collected in the linen room from where it is dispersed to the laundry for washing room.FOOD PRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION Room sales & food sales of the hotels revenue are earned by the service outlets, the food production departments hand is more important as it determines the sales volume. So it is often said Food is The Life of the Hotel The main kitchen is planned in such a way to have an easy accessibility to all the service outlets & important areas. The kitchen is divided into section with skilled employees working in it. The stewarding area is attached to the main kitchen The kitchen for the staff is separate & is not related to the main kitchen.The raw material is picked up from the main store. Hotels are justly proud of their reputati on for fine cuisine and elegant dining. Food production is an integral part of the service of the hotel. When the guest arrives at the hotel he not only expects a comfortable and relax stay, but he also expects good food of the highest possible standards. Especially In today times with growing competition it very essential that the hotel tries to provides as many food outlets to the guest serving various kinds of quality cuisines. Food production is the conversion of food from the raw to the palatable state.It is no longer a profession concealed in mystery like the secrets of ancients. The great wealth of knowledge and the most of the secrets are available easily today with its formula. There are principle, procedures and techniques in the food production as they are in other filed As the simple as sounds . It refers to any service rendered to gratify basic human needs of hunger and joy of eating and drinking for physiological satisfaction. Cookery is define as a chemical process, t he mixing of  ingredients, the application and with drawl of it decision making, technical knowledge and manipulating skill.In the more advance stages further element occurs that the creativity. Cookery is considered to be both and art and a technology. THE KITCHEN SUBDIVISIONS In the hotel, they use the decentralized system of kitchen functioning though in some places centralized system is used. The main section the food production departments THEWESTIN Hotel are: MAIN KITCHEN This section of kitchen is divided into three subsections. Soup section Hot Range (Continental) Indian GARDEMANGER This section deals with the cold meat and food the department.It serves to all the outlets of the hotel such as butler’s pantry, room service, coffee shop, Ian Rochelle, other section of the kitchen, etc. BAKERY This is the section of the kitchen working continuously and producing high quality cakes, Pastries, desserts, bread rolls, etc. BUTCHERY Butchery in hotel terminology is also cal led meat fabrications as it is involved in changing the form of meat, poultry, and fish etc form unclean large chunks to clean and appropriate sizes as required for various purposes. SPECIALTY KITCHEN These are the kitchen solely working for the restaurant they are attached These kitchen are producing only the typed of cuisines by the restaurant. The kitchen work on break shift basis except for the North West frontier cuisine kitchen as it involves a great deal of cooking over a long period of time. BANQUET KITCHEN Specially meant for banquet functions Food Hygiene, Health and  Safety Introduction This module makes an important contribution to the supervisory aspects of food hygiene and safety. Supervisors with food safety and health and safety responsibilities need to ensure that all staff operate in a safe, hygienic and efficient manner.The overall aims of this module are to ensure students are familiar with key aspects of current legislation, good practice and health, safety an d food  safety issues. Food  hygiene is a broad term used to describe the preservation and preparation of foods in a manner that ensures the food is safe for human consumption. This process of kitchen safety includes proper storage of food items prior to use, maintaining a clean environment when  preparing the food, and making sure that all serving dishes are clean and free of bacteria that could lead to  some type of contamination.The food storage aspect of food hygiene is focused on maintaining the quality of the food, so that it will be fresh when used in different recipes. With dry goods, proper food hygiene calls for  Ã‚  placing items such as sugar or flour in airtight containers that are clean and dry. The containers are then placed into a  pantry or reside on a kitchen counter where they are relatively safe from humidity and extreme temperatures. In like manner, meats must be stored properly as part of proper food hygiene.Many people choose to use containers espe cially designed for use in a freezer in order to preserve raw meats for later use. Freezing helps to slow the process of decay, thus minimizing the chances for  food  poisoning when the meat is used at a later date. Food sanitation also extends to keeping the preparation area clean and relatively germ-free. Mixing bowls, spoons, paring knives and any other tools used in the kitchen should be washed thoroughly before use. Kitchen countertops and cutting boards should also be cleaned and sterilized from time to time.Keeping a sanitary workplace will also cut down on the chances of  some type of food borne illness from developing when people consume the prepared food CONCLUSION THE WESTIN is among the abode in the financial capital of the country. While training at THE  WESTIN it has been  an  honor  being  trained there the  staff was so  supportive to pave me a successful training and took out my hesitant attitude out of me and learning  ability enhanced  forà ‚  people  their  they  are  an  honor  in  them selves. When first began my industrial training but went by ever so quickly and have left me craving for much more.I would have to say that ills an absolutely fabulous part of the curriculum and perhaps will remain the most memorable one. Needless to say that this experience was highly enriching and educating one as I went on from one department to another and meet & got the opportunity to train under  several highly respected senior professional learned that every individual is different & that everyone has something unique to offer . I learnt that every job has its nuances and its value and that no lob is scarier to the other I learn that on needs to constantly improved &improvise.I learnt that is just the beginning of long road ahead full of  challenges. But  I know  that will be able to  run along because I have  my foundation firmly built in. It is here that I got the opportunity to continuously introspe ct and improve use budding professional & as a human being. I will always look back at the time spent here with fondness and with pride. I cannot but thank all the people who helped in several different ways thus I will go along way facilitating the commencement of wonderful journey.